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Chapter 5
Study Guide
40
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2012

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
Organism's awareness of its own self and surroundings
Term
Selective Attention Process
Definition
We can control our consciousness by deliberate concentration and full attention
Term
Controlled Processs
Definition
Mental activities requiring focused attention that generally interfere with ongoing activities
Term
Automatic Processes
Definition
Mental Activities requiring minimal attention and having little impact on other activities
Term
Circadian Rhythms
Definition
Biological changes that occur on a 24-hour cycle
Term
Electro-encephalographs
Definition
Detects and records brain-wave changes by means of small electrodes on the scalp and muscle activity and eye movements
Term
Rapid-Eye Movement (REM) Sleep
Definition
Stage of sleep marked by rapid eye movements, high frequency brain waves, paralysis of large muscles, and dreaming
Term
Non-Rapid Eye Movement (NREM) Sleep
Definition
Stages 1 to 4 of sleep with Stage 1 as the lightest level and Stage 4 as the deepest level
Term
Result of Depriving REM Sleep
Definition
People experience REM rebound

Attempt to "catch up" on REM sleep by spending more time than usual in this state

Term
Result of Depriving Total Sleep
Definition
They spend more time in NREM sleep during first uninterrupted night
Term
Contrast Between Evolutionary/Circadian Theory and Repair/Restoration Theory
Definition
Evolutionary/Circadian:

Sleep evolved to conserve energy and as protection from predators

Repair/Restoration:

Sleep serves as recuperative function, allowing organisms to repair

Term
Manifest Content
Definition
(Freud) A dream's "Surface" remembered story line which contains dream symbols that disguise the hidden, latent content of the dream
Term
Latent Content
Definition
(Freud) A dream's unconscious, hidden meaning, which is transformed into symbols
Term
Activation-Synthesis Hypothesis
Definition
(Hobson) Dreams are by-products of random stimulation of brain cells; the brain attempts to combine this spontaneous activity into coherent patterns, known as dreams
Term
Insomnia
Definition
Persistent problems in falling asleep, staying asleep, or awakening too early
Term
Sleep Apnea
Definition
Repeated interruption of breathing while asleep because air passages to the lungs are physically blocked
Term
Narcolepsy
Definition
Sudden and irresistible onsets of sleep during normal waking hours
Term
Nightmares
Definition
Anxiety-arousing dreams generally occurring near the end of the sleep cycle during REM sleep
Term
Night Terrors
Definition
Abrupt awakenings from NREM sleep accompanied by intense physiological arousal and feelings of panic
Term
Depressant
Definition
Drugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to decrease bodily processes and overall responsiveness
Term
Stimulant
Definition
Drugs that act on the brain and other parts of the nervous system to increase overall activity and general responsiveness
Term
Narcotic (Opiates)
Definition
Drugs derived from Opium that numb the sense and relive pain
Term
Hallucinogen
Definition
Drugs that produce sensory or perceptual distortions called hallucinations
Term
Combining alcohol with what other types of drugs is particularly dangerous?
Definition
barbiturates
Term
Psychoactive Drugs
Definition
Chemicals that change conscious awareness, mood, and/or perception
Term
Drug abuse
Definition
Drug taking that causes emotional or physical harm to the drug user/others
Term
Addiction
Definition
Broad term describing compulsion to use a specific drug or engage in certain actively
Term
Psychological Dependence
Definition
Mental Desire or craving to achieve drug's effects
Term
Physcial Dependence
Definition
Changes in bodily processes that make a drug necessary for minimal functioning

Shown most clearly when the drug is withheld and the user undergoes painful withdrawal reactions including physical pain

Term
Withdrawal
Definition
Discomfort and distress, including physical pain and intense craving after stopping addictive drugs
Term
Tolerance
Definition
Bodily adjustment to higher and higher levels of drug, which leads to decreased sensitivity
Term
Steps of Neural Transmission
Definition
(1) Sending A Chemical Signal - Neurotransmitters cross the Synapse

(2) Receiving the Chemical Signal - Attaching to Receiving Neuron

(3) Dealing with Leftovers - Chemical neutralizes the neurotransmitters or (reuptake)neurotransmitter is reabsorbed into the axon terminal

Term
Which step of neural transmission is affected by Cocaine?
Definition
Blocks reuptake, results in increased levels of dopamine, serotonin, and norepinephrine
Term
Hypnosis
Definition
Trancelike state of heightened suggestibility, deep relaxation, and intense focus
Term
5 Characteristics of Hypnosis
Definition
Highly Focused Attention

Increased Imagination and Hallucinations

Passive and receptive Attitude

Decreased Responsiveness to Pain

Heightened Suggestibility

Term
Effects of Hypnosis on memory
Definition
Improves recall for some information, adds little if anything to regular memory, increasing potential for error
Term
What type of problems is hypnosis effective?
Definition
Treatment for Chronic Pain and Burns

Anxiety, Fear, and Misinformation in areas such as dentistry and childbirth

Stop addiction

Improve performance

Term
Can hypnosis enable a person to do things he/she would be unable to do?
Definition
No
Term
Can hypnosis be used to force someone to do something he/she would not do otherwise?
Definition
No
Term
Can a person be hypnotized against their will?
Definition
No
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