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Chapter 5
Body Rhythms and Mental States
42
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/18/2009

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Term
Consciousness
Definition
our awareness of ourselves and the environment around us
Term
Biological Rhythms 
Definition
a periodic, more or less regular fluctuations in a biological systems; may or may not have psychological implications
Term
What does the biological clock govern?
Definition
the waxing and waning of hormones, urine volume, blood pressure and responsiveness of brain cells to stimulation
Term
entrainment
Definition
synchronization of biological rhythms with external cues such as fluctuations in daylight
Term
endogenous
Definition
generated from within rather than external cues
Term
circadian rhythms
Definition

a biological rhythm with a period of about 24 hours

 

aka sleep wake cycle

Term

Suprachiasmatic Nucleus

 

master peacemaker

Definition

an area of the brain containing a biological clock that governs circadian rhythms

 

located in hypothalamus

 

regulates fluctuating levels of hormones and neurotransmitters and they in turn provide feedback that affects the SCN's function

Term
melatonin
Definition

secreted by the pineal gland within the brain

 

once asleep in a darkened room, melatonin levels rise and when awake they decrease

 

helps keep light dark cycle

 

treatments with melatonin have been used to treat insomnia and blind people

Term
internal desyncronization
Definition

a state in which biological rhythms are not in phase with one another

 

jet lag; sleep cycles can adjust quickly but hormone  and temperature cycles can take days to return to normal

Term
seasonal affective disorder
Definition
a controversial disorder in which a person experiences depression during winter and an improvement in mood during spring
Term
premenstrual syndrome
Definition
refers to the vague cluster of physical and emotional symptoms associated with the days preceding menstruation- including fatigue, headache, irritability, and dpression
Term
rapid eye movement
Definition

sleep periods characterized by eye movement, loss of muscle tone and vivid dreams

 

alternates with non- REM sleep in 90 min intervals

lasts from a few minutes to 1 hr avg: 20 mins

Term
alpha waves
Definition

the moment after climbing into bed, the brain emits these waves 

 

have a regular slow rhythm and high amplitude

Term
Stage 1 of sleep
Definition

the brain waves become small and irregular

 

a light sleep; there are few visual images recalled 

Term
Stage 2 of sleep
Definition

the brain emits occasional short bursts of rapid, high peaking waves called sleep spindles

 

minor noises will not disturb

Term
sleep spindles
Definition
rapid, high peaking waves emitted during stage 2
Term
Stage 3 of sleep
Definition

has the same waves as stage 2 of sleep but the brain occasionally emits delta waves

 

breathing and pulse have slowed; the muscles are relaxed and you are heard to awaken

 

hardest to awaken during this time

Term
delta waves
Definition
very slow waves with very high peaks
Term
Stage 4 of sleep
Definition

delta waves are now largely taken over and you are in deep sleep 

 

loud noises and rigorous shaking will be needed to awaken you

 

the time for sleepwalking

Term
sleep apnea
Definition
a disorder in which breathing periodically stops for a few moments causing the person to choke and gasp
Term
narcolepsy
Definition

an individual is subject to irresistible and unpredictable daytime attacks of sleepiness lasting from 5 to 30 minutes

Term
REM behavior disorder
Definition
the muscle paralysis associated with REM sleep does not occur and the sleep (usually male) become physically active often acting out a dream
Term
consolidation
Definition
a process by which the synaptic changes associated with recently stored memories become durable and stable, causing memory to become more reliable
Term
Freud's belief of dreams
Definition
all dreams are meaningful; people are represented by another, thoughts and objects are translated into symbolic images 
Term

manifest content

 

latent content

Definition

actual content of dream

 

the unconscious wishes and thoughts being expressed symbolically

Term
problem focused approach
Definition

the symbols and metaphors do not disguise its true meaning, they convey it

 

supported by findings that dreams are more likely to contain material related to a person's current concerns than chance would predict

Term
cognitive approach to dreams
Definition

emphasizes current concerns but makes no claims about problem solving during sleep

 

the brain is doing the same kind of work during dreams as it does when we are awake

 

predicts that when a person is totally cut off from external stimulus, mental activity would be the same as dreaming

Term
activation synthesis theory
Definition

draws heavily on physiological research

 

dreams result from the cortical synthesis  and interpretation of neural signals triggered by activity  in the lower part of the brain

 

there is no purpose in dreaming

Term
Hypnosis
Definition
a procedure in which a practitioner suggests changes in the sensations, perceptions, thoughts, feelings, or behavior of the subject 
Term
exceptions to Hypnosis
Definition

  1. hypnotic responsiveness depends on if the person wants to be hypnotized
  2. cannot be forced to do things against their will
  3. feats performed can be performed by motivated people without hypnosis
  4. does not increase the accuracy of memory
  5. does not produce a literal reexperiencing of long ago events
  6. have been used effectively for many medical and psychological purposes

Term

Dissociation theory

Ernest Hilgard

Definition
involves a split in consciousness in which one part of the mind operates differently from the rest of the consciousness
Term

hidden observer

associated with the Dissociation Theory

Definition
part of the conscious that is watching but not participating
Term

Sociocognitive Theory

Kirsch

Definition

the effects of hypnosis result from an interaction between the social influence of the hypnotist and the abilities, beliefs and expectations of the subject

 

explains why people under hypnosis report spirit possession or memories of alien abductions

Term
Psychoactive Drug
Definition
a substance that alters mood, perception, thinking, memory, or behavior by changing the body's biochemistry
Term
tobacco, marijuana, mescaline, opium, peyote, even tea and  coffee
Definition
examples of psychoactive drugs
Term
stimulants
Definition

drugs, caffeine, cocaine, tobacco, amphetamines, methamphetamines

 

in very large doses they can cause convulsions, heart failure and death

Term
depressants
Definition

slow down activity in the CNS

 

alcohol, tranquilizers, barbiturates, and most common chemicals people inhale

Term
opiates
Definition

relieve pain

 

opium, morphine, heroin, and synthetic drugs such as methadone

 

mimic endorphines

Term
psychedelic drugs
Definition

disrupt normal thought processes

 

LSD, mescaline

Term
marijuana
Definition
not classified in any category
Term
infradian
Definition
occur less frequently than once a day
Term
ultradian
Definition
occur more frequently than once a day
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