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Chapter 5
Georgia Northwestern Chapter 5 Micro Ms Andrews
73
Microbiology
Undergraduate 3
10/14/2011

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Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum of all chemical reactions, both anabolic and catabolic, within an organism.
Term
Catabolic Reactions
Definition
Catabolic Reactions, Decomposition reactions
Term
Anabolic Reactions,
Definition
Anabolic Reactions, Synthesis reactions
Term
Oxidation and Reduction reactions
Definition
Oxidation and Reduction reactions, Any metabolic reaction involving the transfer of electrons from the electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor. Reactions in which electrons are accepted are reduction reactions. When electrons are donated, it is called oxidation reactions.
Term
NAD+,
Definition
NAD+, Important vitamin-derived electron carrier molecule.
Term
NADP+,
Definition
NADP+, Important vitamin derived electron carrier molecule.
Term
FAD
Definition
FAD, Important vitamin derived electron carrier molecule.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
Enzymes, An organic catalyst.
Term
Substrate,
Definition
Substrate, The molecule upon which an enzyme acts
Term
Active Sites
Definition
Active Sites, Functional site of an enzyme, the shape of which is complementary to the shape of the substrate.
Term
Activation Energy,
Definition
Activation Energy, The amount of energy needed to trigger a chemical reaction
Term
Denatured
Definition
Denatured, process by which a proteins three dimensional structure is altered, eliminating function
Term
Feedback Inhibition
Definition
Feedback Inhibition, Method of controlling the action of enzymes in which the end-product of a series of reactions inhibits an enzyme in an earlier part of the pathway.
Term
Glycolysis,
Definition
Glycolysis, First step in the catabolism of glucose via respiration and fermentation.
Term
Cellular Respiration
Definition
Cellular Respiration, Metabolic process that involves the complete oxidation of substrate molecules and production of ATP via a series of redox reactions.
Term
Krebs cycle,
Definition
Krebs cycle, Series of eight enzymatically catalyzed reactions that transfer stored energy form acetyl COA to coenzymes NAD+ and FAD
Term
Electron Transport Chain,
Definition
Electron Transport Chain, Series of redox reactions that pass electrons from on membrane bound carried to another, and then to a final electron acceptor.
Term
Aerobic Respiration
Definition
Aerobic Respiration, Type of cellular respiration requiring oxygen atoms as final electron acceptors.
Term
Anaerobic Respiration,
Definition
Anaerobic Respiration, Type of cellular respiration not requiring oxygen atoms as final electron receptors.
Term
Chemiosmosis
Definition
Chemiosmosis, Use of ion gradients to generate ATP
Term
Fermentation,
Definition
Fermentation, In metabolism, the partial oxidation of sugar to release energy using endogenous organic molecule rather than an electron transport chain as the final electron acceptor.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
Photosynthesis, Process in which light energy is captured by chloryphylls and transferred to ATP and metabolites.
Term
Thylakoids
Definition
Thylakoids, In photosynthetic cells, portion of cellular membrane containing light absorbing photosystems.
Term
Light Dependant Reactions,
Definition
Light Dependant Reactions, reaction of photosynthesis requiring light
Term
Light independent reactions
Definition
Light independent reactions, reaction of photosynthesis not requiring light and synthesizing glucose from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
Amphibolic Reaction,
Definition
Amphibolic Reaction, A reversible metabolic reaction; that is a reaction that can be anabolic or catabolic.
Term
Photoautotrophs
Definition
Photoautotrophs, Microorganism which requires light energy and uses carbon dioxide as a carbon source.
Term
Chemoautotrophs,
Definition
Chemoautotrophs, Microorganism that use carbon dioxide as a carbon source and catabolizes organic molecules for energy.
Term
Photoheterotrophs
Definition
Photoheterotrophs, Microorganism that requires light energy and gains nutrients via catabolism of organic compounds.
Term
Chemoheterotrophs
Definition
Chemoheterotrophs, Microorganism that uses organic compounds for both energy and carbon.
Term
Obligate Aerobe
Definition
Obligate Aerobe, Microorganism that requires oxygen as a final electron acceptor of the electron transport chain.
Term
Obligate Anaerobes,
Definition
Obligate Anaerobes, Microorganism that cannot tolerate oxygen and uses final electron acceptor other than oxygen.
Term
Facultative anaerobes
Definition
Facultative anaerobes, Microorganism which can live with or without oxygen
Term
Aerotolerant Anaerobes,
Definition
Aerotolerant Anaerobes, Microorganism which prefers anaerobic conditions but can tolerate exposure to low levels of oxygen.
Term
Microaerophiles,
Definition
Microaerophiles, Microorganism that requires low levels of oxygen.
Term
Nitrogen Fixation,
Definition
Nitrogen Fixation, The conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to ammonia.
Term
Trace Elements
Definition
Trace Elements, Element required in very small amounts for microbial metabolism.
Term
Growth factors,
Definition
Growth factors, Organic chemicals required in very small amounts for metabolism.
Term
Optimum growth temperatures
Definition
Optimum growth temperatures, Temperature at which microorganism metabolic activities produce the highest growth rate.
Term
Psychrophiles,
Definition
Psychrophiles, Microorganism requiring cold temperatures (below 20 degrees Celsius)
Term
Mesophiles
Definition
Mesophiles, microorganism requiring temperatures ranging from 20-40 degrees Celsius
Term
Thermophiles
Definition
Thermophiles, Microorganism requiring temperatures to be above 34 degrees Celsius
Term
Hyperthermophiles
Definition
Hyperthermophiles, Microorganism requiring temperatures above 80 degrees Celsius
Term
Neutrophiles,
Definition
Neutrophiles, Type of granulocyte that stains lilac with a mixture of acidic and basic dyes
Term
Acidophiles
Definition
Acidophiles, microorganism requiring acidic ph
Term
Alkinophiles,
Definition
Alkinophiles, microorganism requiring alkaline ph environments
Term
Obligate halophiles,
Definition
Obligate halophiles, Microorganism requiring high osmotic pressure
Term
Barophiles,
Definition
Barophiles, Microorganism requiring the extreme hydrostatic pressure found at great depth below the surface of the water.
Term
Biofilms,
Definition
Biofilms, A slimy community of microbes going on a surface
Term
Inoculum,
Definition
Inoculum, Sample of microorganisms
Term
Medium,
Definition
Medium, A collection of nutrients used for cultivating microorganisms
Term
Broths,
Definition
Broths, A liquid nutrient rich medium used for cultivating microorganisms
Term
Culture
Definition
Culture, Act of cultivating microorganisms or the microorganisms that are cultivated
Term
Colonies,
Definition
Colonies, Visible population of microorganisms living in one place
Term
Clinical Specimens
Definition
Clinical Specimens, Sample of human material such as feces or blood, which is examined or tested for the presence of microorganisms
Term
Pure Cultures
Definition
Pure Cultures, Culture containing cells of only one species
Term
Sterile,
Definition
Sterile, Free of microbial contamination
Term
Streak Plate
Definition
Streak Plate, Method of culturing organisms in which a sterile inoculating loop is used to spread an inoculum across the surface of a solid medium in petri dishes
Term
Pour Plate
Definition
Pour Plate, Method of culturing microorganisms in which CFU are separated from one another using a series of dilutions
Term
Petri Plates
Definition
Petri Plates, Dish filled with solid medium used in culturing microorganisms
Term
Slants,
Definition
Slants, Test tube containing agar media that solidified while the test tube was resting at an angle
Term
Defined Medium
Definition
Defined Medium, Culturing medium of which the exact chemical composition is known
Term
Complex Media
Definition
Complex Media, Culturing medium that contains nutrients released by the partial digestion of yeast, beef, soy or other proteins; thus the exact chemical composition is unknown
Term
Selective Media
Definition
Selective Media, Culturing medium containing substances that either favor the growth of a particular microorganism or inhibit the growth of unwanted ones
Term
Differential Media,
Definition
Differential Media, Culturing medium formulated such that either presence if visible changes in the medium or differences in the appearances of colonies help microbiologists differentiate among different types of bacteria.
Term
Transport Media
Definition
Transport Media, A special type of medium used to move clinical specimens from one location to another while preserving the relative abundance of organisms and preventing contamination of the specimen or environment
Term
Generation Time
Definition
Generation Time, Time required for a cell to grow and divide
Term
Lag Growth
Definition
Lag Growth, Phase in growth curve in which the organisms are adjusting to their environment
Term
Log Phase,
Definition
Log Phase, Phase in a growth curve in which the population is most actively growing
Term
Stationary Phase
Definition
Stationary Phase, Phase in a growth curve in which new organisms are being rejected at the same rate at which older organisms are dying
Term
Death Phase,
Definition
Death Phase, Phase in growth curve in which the organisms are dying more quickly than they are being replaced by new organisms
Term
Serial Dilutions
Definition
Serial Dilutions, Stepwise dilution of a liquid culture
Term
MPN Method,
Definition
MPN Method, Most Probable number method, statistical estimation technique based on the fact that the more bacteria in the sample, the more dilutions are required to get to "zero"
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