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Chapter 5 Test
N/A
67
Biology
9th Grade
10/01/2009

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Term
Energy-
Definition
the capacity to perform work.
Term
Work-
Definition
is when an object moves against an opposing force (gravity or friction)
Term
2 forms of energy-
Definition
kinetic and potential
Term
Kinetic Energy-
Definition
is the energy of motion
Term
Heat-
Definition
(thermal energy), is the kinetic energy that is associated with the movement of molecules in matter
Term
Light-
Definition
a form of kinetic energy that's harnessed to do work (photosynthesis)
Term
Potential Energy-
Definition
stored energy as a result of the objects position
Term
Chemical Energy-
Definition
potential energy within molecules, most important form of energy within living things
Term
Thermodynamics-
Definition
the study of energy transformations
Term
System-
Definition
The organism that is being studied
Term
Surroundings-
Definition
is everything outside of the system
Term
Open System-
Definition
takes in and releases energy to its surroundings
Term
1st Law of Thermodynamics-
Definition
(the law of energy conservation), energy cannot be created or destroyed, only transformed. Earth always has the same amount of energy present
Term
2nd Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
energy conversions increase entropy and decrease order
Term
Entropy-
Definition
the amount of chaos in a cell/living organism
Term
What is lost in energy transformations?
Definition
Heat
Term
Can energy be reused?
Definition
Most often energy can be, however some energy becomes unusable
Term
How do things maintain order?
Definition
the cells create ordered structures
Term
Endergonic Reaction-
Definition
takes energy into the cell, it yeilds things with higher potential energy than it originally has
Term
Photosynthesis-
Definition
the process by which sunlight is taken in and its energy is used to break down foods (endergonic)
Term
Exergonic Reaction-
Definition
releases energy, starts with a higher rate of potential energy than it releases
Term
Cellular Respiration-
Definition
uses oxygen to convert chemical energy into useable energy within a cell
Term
What are ATP's used for in a cell?
Definition
immediate fuel/source of energy
Term
Cellular Metabolism-
Definition
is all exergonic and endergonic reactions that occur in a cell
Term
Energy Coupling-
Definition
when exergonic reactions fuel endergonic reactions
Term
What does ATP stand for?
Definition
adenine triphosphate
Term
What does adenine consist of?
Definition
adene, nitrogenous base, ribose (5 glucose molecules)
Term
How does ATP become ADP?
Definition
through phosphorylation (hydrolysis)
Term
3 types of cellular work-
Definition
chemical, mechanical and transport
Term
Energy of Activation-
Definition
the amount of energy that a cell must absorb to start a chemical reaction
Term
Enzyme-
Definition
a protein that speeds up the activation of chemical reactions by lowering the energy barrier
Term
Substrate-
Definition
the reactant that an enzyme acts on
Term
Active Site-
Definition
region of the enzyme that hold the substrate
Term
How many different types of substrates can 1 active site hold?
Definition
1
Term
Induced fit-
Definition
When an active site forms closer to a substrate so that it fits
Term
What is it called when a cell is ruined by an outward condition?
Definition
denature
Term
3 things that denature a cell-
Definition
Temperature, pH, and salitity
Term
Cofactor-
Definition
a nonprotein helper of the enzyme that allow it to function
Term
Coenzyme-
Definition
an organic cofactor
Term
Inhibitor-
Definition
hinders enzymes, slows down reaction
Term
2 inhibitors-
Definition
competitive and noncompetitive
Term
Competitive Inhinbitor-
Definition
disguises itself as a substrate and stops the substrate from entering active site, slowing down work
Term
Noncompetitive Inhibitor-
Definition
binds the enzyme somewhere besides the active site
Term
Feedback inhibition-
Definition
a metabolic reaction is blocked by its product.
Term
Jobs of membranes-
Definition

  • provide structural order for metabolism
  • form a boundary around cell
  • control incoming and outgoing traffic

Term
Selectively permeable-
Definition
plasma membrane of the cell
Term
Phospholipid bilayer-
Definition
hydrophobic head and 2 hydrophilic tails
Term
Fluid mosaic-
Definition
membrane of phospholipids and protein
Term
Why are cellular membrane described as a fluid mosaic?
Definition
Diverse protein(a "mosaic") float in a "fluid" phospholipid bilayer
Term
Function of the proteins in the membrane-
Definition
receptors
Term
Diffusion-
Definition
tendency for particles of any kind to spread evenly from high concentration to low concentration (passive transport)
Term
Net movement-
Definition
Spreading from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration
Term
Concentration Gradient-
Definition
movement diffusing down until equilibrium is reached
Term
This transport is necessary for all cells.
Definition
Passive
Term
Facilitated diffusion-
Definition
when a protein helps a substance pass through the membrane
Term
Aquaporins-
Definition
transport protein for water
Term
Osmosis-
Definition
diffusion of water through a membrane
Term
Tonicity-
Definition
tendency of a cell to gain or lose water
Term
Hypertonic-
Definition
tendency to gain water
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
tendency to lose water
Term
Isotomic-
Definition
cell remains at a constant volume
Term
Plasmolysis-
Definition
when the cell membrane shrinks and separates from the plasma membrane
Term
Active transport
Definition
can move molecules against the concentration gradient and requires ATP
Term
Exocytosis-
Definition
a membrane covered vesicle moves toward the plasma membrane. the vesicle may fuse with the membrane and expel its contents.
Term
Endocytosis-
Definition
macromolecules force the membrane inwards
Term
3 types of endocytosis-
Definition
Phagocytosis-"cellular eating"
Pinocytosis- "cellular drinking"
Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis- the receptor proteins pick up a certain molecule then close and form a vesicle
Term
Cholesterol receptors-
Definition
are important. if you dont have cholesterol receptors harmful levels of cholesterol can accumulate in the blood
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