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Chapter 5 Child Psychology
Cognitive and Language Development During Infancy and the Toddler Years
35
Psychology
Not Applicable
02/22/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

 

 

 

 

Cognitive Schema

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In Piaget's theory, a cognitive structure or cognitive representation

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Equilibrium

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the process that maintains balance in cognitive structures via the joint operation of accomodation and assimilation

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Primary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the second substage of snsorimotor development, in which infants extend reflexive behavior to acquire new behavior patterns

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Secondary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the third substage of sensorimotor development, in which infants begin to control events in the world outside their bodies

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Teriary circular reaction

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Piaget's theory, the fifth substage of sensorimotor develompent, in which infants invent new behaviors by trial and error, in order to achieve their goals

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Deferred imitation

Definition

 

 

 

 

Imitation that occurs after a delay; of particular interest to Piaget because it apparently depends on the existence of symbolic representation of the behavior being imitated

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Object permanence

Definition

 

 

 

 

The belief that objects continue to exist in time and space evinif we cannot see, hear, or touch them

Term

 

 

 

 

Violation-of-expectation paradigm

Definition

 

 

 

 

Bahavior pattern in which infants react with surprise to unexpected events

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Information processing theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

An approach to cognitive development that emphasizes the glow of information through the mind, using the metaphor of information moving through a computer

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Core knowledge theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

An approach to the study of cognitive development that suggests infants are born with some understanding about essential aresas, such as language, space, objects, and numbers

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Sociocultural Theory

Definition

 

 

 

 

A perspective on human development that empasizes social and cultural factors in development

Term

 

 

 

 

Joint attention

Definition

 

 

 

 

The phenomenon of two or more people directing their attention to the same object or person; in communication, when two people pay attention to the same topics

Term

 

 

 

 

Normative development

Definition

 

 

 

 

Development that is considered typical or expected within a particular cultural group

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Intelligence Quotient (IQ)

 

Definition

 

 

 

The result of a test intended to measure intellectual skills; common intelligence tests are scored so that a score of 100 is average, scores over 100 indicate above-average intelligence, and scores below 100 indicate below-average intelligence

Term

 

 

 

 

Developmental Quotient (DQ)

Definition

 

 

 

 

A score on a test of infant intelligence, calculated in the same way as an intelligence quotient (IQ) score

Term

 

 

 

 

Language Acquisition Device (LAD)

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Chomsky's theory, the hypothetical innate mental structure that allows language learning to take place in all humans

Term

 

 

 

 

Universal grammar

Definition

 

 

 

 

In Chomsky's theory of language development, the idea that use of language requires knowledge of abstract rules and that these rules are common to all languages

Term

 

 

 

 

Social Interactionist approach to language development

Definition

 

 

 

 

The view that language develops as a social skill for use in communication and social interaction

Term

 

 

 

 

Connectionist view of language development

Definition

 

 

 

The theory that linguistic develppment results form strengthening of existing networks of neural connections in the brain; also known as the neural network view

Term

 

 

 

 

Statistical learning

Definition

 

 

 

In early language development, learning the likelihood of one word or sound being followed by another word or sound, by noting the frequencies with which various combinations of sounds and words actually occur in the language

Term

 

 

 

 

Cooing

Definition

 

 

 

 

Vocal behavior of infants that involves the repetition of vowel sounds, such as /aaaaaaa/,/ooooooo/, and /eeeeeee/

Term

 

 

 

 

Babbling

Definition

 

 

 

 

Vocal behavior of infants that involves the repetition of consonant-vowel combinations, cuch as /babababa/ and /dededede/

Term

 

 

 

 

Noun bias

Definition

 

 

 

In early learning of English, children's tendency to learn many nouns among their earliest words; this is not a universal tendency and does not occur in languages that put more emphasis on verbs, such as Japanese or Mandarin Chinese

Term

 

 

 

 

Referential pattern

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, a pattern of learning that empasizes the names fo objects and contains many nouns

Term

 

 

 

 

Expressive pattern

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, a pattern of learning that emphasizes description of action words that contain many verbs and pronouns

Term

 

 

 

 

Overextension

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language development, the application of a word beyond its customary semantic boundaries; for example, using the label cat for all animals

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Underextension

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, the overly narrow use of a word; for example, using the label doggie to refer to golden retrievers, but not to poodles or terriers

Term

 

 

 

 

Word spurt

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language learning, the rapid increase in word knowledge that often occurs around 18 months of age

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Fast Mapping

Definition

 

 

 

 

In young children, the ability to learn new words on the basis of very little input

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Whole-object assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language development, the ssumption that words refer to whole objects, not to parts or properties of objects

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Taxonomic assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language learning, the assumption that the name of an object applies to the object and to similar things; for example, dog applies to a particular dog and to other dogs, but not to leashes or leashes or dog biscuits

Term

 

 

 

 

Mutual exclusivity assumption

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early word learning, children's assumption that words refer to separate and nonoverlapping categories, or that a given object will have only one name

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Telegraphic speech

Definition

 

 

 

 

In early language learning, two- and three-word utterances that typically contain content but not function words; for example, "see doggie," "mama sit chair" 

Term

 

 

 

 

Growth error

Definition

 

 

 

 

In language development, a mistake that revels the child's growth in understanding of grammatical rules but not all of the exceptions

Term

 

 

 

 

Child-directed speech

Definition

 

 

 

A style of speaking, commonly used in speaking to infants and very young children, that includes slowed pace, reduced vocabulry, simplified sentence structire, exaggerated variations in pitch, and marked rhythmic characteristics; also sometimes referred to as "motherese"

 

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