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CHAPTER 5 BIOLOGY
Obtaining energy and nutrients for life.
49
Biology
11th Grade
10/22/2010

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Term
Absorption
Definition
movement of dissolved substances such as digested food and oxygen across a plasma membrane into the interior of a cell
Term
Alimentary Canal
Definition
muscular tube through which food passes, in humans it extends from the mouth to the anus and includes the pharynx, oesophagus, stomach, duodenum, and small and large intestines, also known as the digestive tract or gut.
Term
Amylase
Definition
grou p of enzymes that break down the polysacchirades starch and glycogen into smaller units.
Term
Anus
Definition
posterior or terminal opening of the alimentary canal through which faeces are expelled from the body.
Term
Autotrophic
Definition
describes an organismt that, given a source of energy, can produce its own food from simple inorganic substances, also known as a producer.
Term
Autotrophs
Definition
organisms that, given a source of energy, can produce their own foodfrom simple inoranic substances, also known as producers.
Term
Bile
Definition
secretion produced by the liver and stored in the gall bladder that contain bile salts that emulsify lipids.
Term
Bile duct
Definition
tube that transports bile from the gall bladder
Term
Bolus
Definition
rounded mass of food, formed during chewing and ready for swallowing.
Term
Carnivores
Definition
organisms that kill and eat animals
Term
Cellular respiration
Definition
process of converting chemical energy of good into a form usable by cells, typically ATP.
Term
Chloroplasts
Definition
chlorophyll containing organelles that occur in the cytosol of cells of specific plant tissues.
Term
Chyme
Definition
soupy mixture of food, saliva and gastric juice found in the stomach.
Term
Colon
Definition
portion of the large intestine leading from the small intestine to the rectum
Term
Cystic Fibrosis
Definition
a condition, inherited as an autosomal recessive, in which an affected person produces abnormal mucus secretions.
Term
Digestion
Definition
chemical breakdown of large organic moluecules into smaller units that can pass across plasma membranes.
Term
Digestive system
Definition
alimentary canal and associated organs that secrete chemicals into the canal.
Term
duodenum
Definition
portion of the small intestine leading from the stomach and into which secretions from the pancreas and the liver are released.
Term
Emulsification
Definition
break down of large fat droplets into smaller fat droplets.
Term
Enzymes
Definition
typically, specific proteins that act as catalysts to increase the rate of a particular chemical reaction in living organisms.
Term
Faeces
Definition
undigested material eliminated from the gastrointestinal tract.
Term
Foregut fermenters
Definition
herbivorous mammals in which bacterial digestion of plant material occurs in a greatly rnlarged stomach or oesophagus.
Term
Gall bladder
Definition
organ in which bile is stored.
Term
Gastric juices
Definition
fluid secreted by various cell types in the stomach wall, contains enzymes, water, mucus and hydrochloric acid.
Term
Herbivores
Definition
organisms that eat living plants or parts of them.
Term
Heterotrophic
Definition
describes an organis that cannot make its own food and must ingest or absorb organic material from tis environment.
Term
Heterotrophs
Definition
organisms that ingest or absorb food in the form of organic material from their environment, also known as consumers.
Term
Hindgut fermenters
Definition
herbivorous mammals in which bacterial digestion of plant material occurs in modified regions of the colon or caecum.
Term
Ileum
Definition
part of the small intestine leadin from the jejunum to the large intestine.
Term
Jejunum
Definition
short section of the small intestine leadin from the duedenum to the ileum.
Term
Lacteals
Definition
lymph vessels in the villi of the small intestine.
Term
Large intestine
Definition
part of the digestive system between the small intestine and anus.
Term
Liver
Definition
in mammals, large organ located in upper abdomen and which has many functions including removal of some toxic materials from the blood, storage of glycogen and production of bile.
Term
Mucus
Definition
lubricating substance screted by mucous glands particularly in the alimentary canal and the bronchii.
Term
Oesophagus
Definition
muscular tube that transports food from the pharynx at the back of the mouth to the stomach.
Term
Omnivores
Definition
organisms that eat both plants and animals.
Term
Pancreas
Definition
organ that secretes digestive enzymes into the duodenum and hormones into the bloodstream.
Term
Pepsin
Definition
protein-digesting enzyme produced by cells in the stomach.
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
movement of food along the gut by means of contraction and relaxation of muscle in the gut wall.
Term
Photosynthesis
Definition
process by which plants trap the radiant energy of sunlight to produce carbohydrates from carbon dioxide and water.
Term
prey
Definition
living animal that is captured and eaten by a predator
Term
Pyloric Sphincter
Definition
a muscular opening through which food is forced from the stomach into the small intestine.
Term
Rectum
Definition
final section of the large intestine that ends at the anus
Term
Ruminants
Definition
herbivorous mammals with a stomach comprising several compartments, one of which is known as the rumen where fermentation of food begings.
Term
SA:V ratio
Definition
a measure that identifies the number of units of surface area available to serve each unit of internal volume of a cell, tissues or organism.
Term
Small intestine
Definition
part of the alimentary canal that comprises the duodenum, jejunum and ileum, and is located between the stomach and the large intestine.
Term
Spawning
Definition
Term
Stomach
Definition
expanded part of the gut into which the oesophagus opens.
Term
Villi
Definition
small projections of tissue that function to increase surface area.
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