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Chapter 4 - Bio 111
Test 1
94
Biology
Undergraduate 3
09/23/2013

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Term
Who discovered cells and in what year?
Definition
Robert Hooke. 1665.
Term
Who conducted early studies on cells?
Definition
Schleiden (1838)
Schwann (1839)
Term
Who proposed the cell theory?
Definition
Schleiden and Schwann
Term
What is the cell theory?
Definition
1.) All organisms are composed of cells
2.) Cells are the smallest living things
3.) Cells arise onl from pre-existing cells
Term
All cells today are _______ ________ of _________ from ________ ___________ _________.
Definition
a continuous line/ descent / pre-existing cells
Term
Why are cells small?
Definition
Reliance on diffusion of substances into and out of cells. Less of a distance to move things.
Term
What is the rate of dffusion effected by?
Definition
1.) Surface area available
2.) Temperature
3.) Conc. gradient
4.) Distance
Term
Why do bigger cells have a hard time diffusing?
Definition
Because the distance is greater than in a small cell.
Term
Which has an advantage in diffusion: an organism made of many, small cells OR an organism composed of fewer, larger cells?
Definition
The smaller cells!
Term
As a cell's size increases, its volume what?
Definition
Increases much more rapidly than its surface area.
Term
What is resolution?
Definition
mimimum distance 2 points can be apart and still be distinguished as 2 different parts
Term
What is the distance needed for the naked eye to resolve 2 objects?
Definition
100 micrometers
Term
How great can light microscopes resolve structures?
Definition
200 nanometers apart.
Term
How great can electron microscopes resolve structures?
Definition
0.2 nm apart. 2 types: scanning and transmission
Term
What are the 4 structures all cells have in common?
Definition
1.) DNA
2.) Cytoplasm
3.) Plasma membrane
4.) Ribosomes
Term
What do all prokaryotic cells possess?
Definition
1.) cytoplasm
2.) plasma membrane
3.) cell wall (most)
4.) no membrane-bound organelles
5.) DNA in the nuceloid
6.) ribosomes
Term
What is a bacterial cell wall made of?
Definition
Peptidoglycan
Term
What is the fxn of a bacterial cell wall?
Definition
1.) protect the cell
2.) maintain its shape
3.) prevent excessive uptake or loss of water
Term
What effects the succeptibility of antiobiotics on bacteria?
Definition
The structure of their cell wall
Term
Which type of bacteria lacks peptidoglycan?
Definition
Archaea
Term
What are flagella used for?
Definition
Locomotion and rotary motion
Term
What do most eukaryotic cells possess?
Definition
1.) membrane bound nucleus
2.) organelles
3.) cytoskeleton
Term
Are eukaryotic cells more or less complex than prokaryotic cells?
Definition
More complex
Term
How do eukaryotic cells compartmentalize cellular fan?
Definition
organelles that are coordinated via the endomembrane system.
Term
What is the nucleus?
Definition
The repository of the genetic information in the cell
Term
What is the nucleolus?
Definition
Region where the ribosomal RNA synthesis takes place
Term
What is the nuclear envelope made of?
Definition
2 phospholipid bilayer
Term
What controls passage in and out of the nuclear envelope?
Definition
Nuclear pores
Term
What is DNA divided into in eukaryotes?
Definition
Multiple linear chromosomes.
Term
What is chromatin?
Definition
Chromosomes + proteins
Term
What is the fxn of the ribosomes?
Definition
The site of protein synthesis in the cell
Term
Are ribosomes found in all types of cells?
Definition
YES
Term
What composes ribosomes?
Definition
Ribosomal RNA and proteins
Term
Where are ribosomes found?
Definition
Free in the cytoplasm or associated with internal membranes
Term
What is the endomembrane system?
Definition
Series of membranes throughout the cytoplasm.
Term
What is the fundamental difference between prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
The endomembrane system.
Term
What are the 3 components of the endomembrane system?
Definition
1.) endoplastic reticulum
2.) golgi aparatus
3.) lysosomes
Term
What are the 2 types of endoplastic reticulum?
Definition
1.) rough
2.) smooth
Term
Why does the rough ER appear rough?
Definition
Attachemtn of ribosomes to its membrane makes it appear that way.
Term
What happens in the rough ER?
Definition
Synthesis of proteins to be secreted, sent to lysosomes or plasma membrane.
Term
What is the function of the smooth ER?
Definition
Synthesis, store Ca2+, detoxification
Term
What does the ratio of RER to SER depend on?
Definition
The cell's function
Term
What is the golgi aparatus?
Definition
Flattened stacks of interconected membranes.
Term
What is the function of the golgi apparatus?
Definition
Packing and distribution of material to different parts of the cell or export out of cell
Term
Does the golgi apparatus also synthesize cell wall components?
Definition
Yes
Term
What helps the golgi apparatus in transportation?
Definition
vesicles
Term
What are lysosomes?
Definition
Membrane bounded digestive vesicles
Term
What do lysosomes arise from?
Definition
Golgi aparatus
Term
How is a lysosome digestive?
Definition
Enzymes breakdown macromolecules
Term
Which cells does a lysosome break down?
Definition
Cells or foreign matter that the cell itself has already phagocytized
Term
What are microbodies?
Definition
Variety of enzyme-bearing, membrane-enclosed vesicles.
Term
What is an example of a microbody?
Definition
Peroxisomes. Contain enzymes involved in the oxidation of fatty acids. H2O2 is realeased as a biproduct and catalase makes it harmless.
Term
What is a vacuole?
Definition
Membrane bound structure with various functions depending on the cell type.
Term
What are the 3 main vacuoles?
Definition
1.) Central - Plants. Antonoblast.
2.) Contractile - regulates cell size
3.) Storage - animal cells
Term
What do plants use large vacuoles to hold?
Definition
H2O. When plants are depleted of water, they wilt.
Term
Are mitochondria found in all types of eukaryotic cells?
Definition
Yes
Term
How many membranes does a mitochondria have?
Definition
4.

1.)Outer
2.)Intermembrane space
3.)Inner membrane cristae
4.) Matrix
Term
What carries out oxidative metabolism in the mitochondria?
Definition
On the surface of the inner membrane and embedded in it, proteins.
Term
Do mitochondria have their own DNA/ribosomes?
Definition
Yes
Term
Are chloroplasts only in plant cells?
Definition
No, in some animal cells too.
Term
What do chloroplasts contain? Why?
Definition
Chlorophyll. Photosynthesis.
Term
How many membranes surround a chloroplast?
Definition
2
Term
What are thykaloids?
Definition
Membraneous sacs within the inner membrane.
Term
What are grana?
Definition
The stacks of thykaloids
Term
Do cholorplasts have their own DNA/ribosomes?
Definition
Yes
Term
What does endosymbiosis propose?
Definition
Some of today's eukaryotic organelles evolved by symbiosis arising between two cells that were each free-living.
Term
What is the process of endosymbiosis?
Definition
A prokaryotic cell was engulfed, came apart of another cell, and is the precursor for modern eukaryotes. Mitochondria and chloroplasts.
Term
What is the supporting evidence of the endosymbiotic theory?
Definition
- both have 2 membranes
- possess DNA and ribosomes
- about the size of a prokaryotic cell
- divide by a process similar to bacteria
Term
What is the cytoskeleton?
Definition
Network of protein fibers found in all eukaryotic cells.
Term
What are the fxns of the cytoskeleton?
Definition
1.) support
2.) keeps organelles in fixed locations
3.) helps move materials within the cell
Term
What is the dynamic system?
Definition
Constantly assembling and disassembling.
Term
What do centrioles do?
Definition
Help organize microtubules in animal cells.
Term
What are the 3 types of fibers?
Definition
1.) microfilaments
2.) microtubules
3.) intermediate filaments
Term
What is a microfilament also called? SM
Definition
Actin filament. Two protein chains losely twined together. Move by contracting, crawling, and pinching.
Term
What is a microtubule? L
Definition
Largest of all cytoskeletal elements. Made of alpha and beta tubulin subunits. Facilitates movement within the cell.
Term
What is an intermediate filament? M
Definition
INtermediate size. Very stable, usually not broken down.
Term
What is all cell motion tied to?
Definition
The cytoskeleton
Term
How does movement via cytoskeleton work?
Definition
The vesicles move along the cytoskeleton, some using actin and myosin together to crawl.
Term
What is the general arrangement of flagella/cilia?
Definition
9+2 arrangement of microtubules.
Term
What is the difference in flagella in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Definition
Eukaryotes are attached to the cytoskeleton, not the membrane.
Term
What are the cell walls of animal cells made of?
Definition
NOTHING they do not have them!
Term
What are the cell walls of plant/protists made of?
Definition
Cellulose
Term
What are the cell walls of fungi made of?
Definition
Chitin
Term
What is the extracellular matrix made of?
Definition
Glygoproteins secreted by animal cells into the space around them.
Term
Is collagen found in extracellular matrix?
Definition
Yes.
Term
What is the function of the ECM?
Definition
Forms a protective layer over the cell's surface
Term
What links the cytoskeleton the the ECM?
Definition
INtergrins (proteins) that influence cell behavior
Term
What gives cell's identity?
Definition
Surface proteins
Term
What are glycolipids?
Definition
Most tissue-specific cell surface markers.
Term
What are MHC proteins?
Definition
Major histocompatibility proteins that help with recognition of self and nonself in an immune reaction.
Term
What are the 3 types of cell connections?
Definition
1.) tight
2.) anchoring
3.) communicating
Term
What is a tight junction?
Definition
Connect the plasma membranes of adjacent cells in a sheet. NO LEAKAGE.
Term
What is an anchoring junction?
Definition
Mechanically attaches cytoskeletons of neighboring cells. Desmosomes.
Term
What is a communicating junction?
Definition
Chemical or electrical signal passes directly from one cell to an adjacent one. GAP JXN.
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