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Chapter 47 Nutrition
Nursing Fundamentals (Kozier)
96
Nursing
Undergraduate 1
03/31/2014

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Term
Adequate food intake consists of a balance of these nutrients: (6)
Definition
Water, carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals
Term
Nutritive value
Definition
Nutrient content of a specified amount of food
Term
Nutrients 3 major functions
Definition
1)provide energy for body processes and movement
2)provide structural material for body tissues
3)regulating body processes
Term
Energy providing nutrients (3)
Definition
Carbohydrates, fats and proteins
Term
Macronutrients
Definition
Needed in large amounts to provide energy (hundreds of grams)
Carbohydrates
Fats
Protein
Minerals
Vitamins
Water
Term
Micronutrients
Definition
Vitamins and minerals that are required in small amounts (milligrams or micrograms) to metabolize the energy-providing nutrients
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-gifts of food are common and should not be rejected
-diets are often high in fat, cholesterol, and sodium
-being overweight may be viewed as positive
-many are lactose intolerant
Definition
African American heritage
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-many spices and herbs are used such as cinnamon, allspice, cloves, mint, ginger, and garlic
-meats are often skewer roasted or slow simmered; most common are lamb and chicken
-bread is served at every meal
-do not eat pork, and all meats must be cooked well done.
-food is eaten (and clients fed) with the right hand
-beverages are drunk after the meal, not during: alcohol is prohibited
-fast during daylight hours during the month of Ramadan (the 9th month of the year based on the lunar calendar)
Definition
Arab Heritage
Muslim
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-foods are served at meals in a specific order
-each region has its own traditional diet
-may not want ice in their drinks
-foods are chosen to balance yin and yang in order to avoid indigestion
-almost half are lactose intolerant
Definition
Chinese heritage
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-dietary laws govern killing, preparation, and eating of foods
-meat and milk are not eaten at the same time; dairy substitutes (e.g. margarine) are permitted
-pork is one meat that is forbidden to eat
-all blood must be drained from meats
-always wash hands before eating
Definition
Jewish heritage
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-rice, beans, and tortillas are core essential foods
-many are lactose intolerant. Leafy green vegetables and stews with bones provide calcium
-larger body size may be viewed as a positive attribute
-sweet fruit drinks, including adding sugar to juice, are popular
-main meal of the day is at noontime
-foods are chosen according to hot and cold theory
Definition
Mexican heritage
Term
Nutritional Practices and Preference among Cultures
-rites of passage and ceremonies are celebrated with food
-herbs are used to treat many illnesses
-sheep are the major source of meat
-squash and corn are major vegetables
-many are lactose intolerant
Definition
Navajo Heritage
Term
BMI
Definition
Body Mass Index

BMI=weight in kilograms/height in meters
Term
dysphagia
Definition
difficulty swallowing
Term
most important nutrient
Definition
water
Term
most abundant component in body
Definition
water
Term
water is what percent of total body weight in adults? older adults
Definition
46-60% adults
50% older adults
Term
water is what percent of total body weight in infants
Definition
70-80%
Term
Why are infants at high risk for fluid and electrolyte imbalance
Definition
because 70-80 % of body weight is water
Term
Primary energy source- fuel that runs the body
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
-sugars
-starches
-fibers
Definition
carbohydrates
Term
CHO
Definition
carbohydrate
Term
How are CHO's stored in the body
Definition
glycogen or fat
Term
Where is most glycogen stored
Definition
In the liver where it is available for conversion back into glucose
also stored in muscle
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-grapes, oranges, dates, corn, carrots
Definition
Glucose
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-honey and fruits
Definition
Fructose
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-milk
Definition
Lactose
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-wheat, corn, oats rye, barley
Definition
Starch
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-granulated sugar, molasses, apricots, peaches, plums, honeydew, cantaloupe, peas, corn
Definition
Sucrose
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
- bran, apples, beans, cabbage
Definition
Cellulose
Term
Carbohydrate Sources
-apples, citrus, strawberries
Definition
Pectin
Term
made up of amino acids
Definition
Proteins
Term
Essential Amino Acids
Definition
cannot be manufactured in the body and must be supplied as part of the protein ingested in the diet
necessary for tissue growth and maintenance-histidine,isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylanine, tryptophan,threonine and valine
immune system-arginine
Term
Nonessentioal Amino Acids
Definition
those that the body can manufacture. The body takes amino acids derived from the diet and reconstructs new ones from their basic elements
-alanine, aspartic acid, cystine, glutamic acid, glycine, hydroxyproline, proline, serine, and tyrosine
Term
Complete proteins
Definition
contain all of the essential amino acids plus many nonessential ones.
-most animal proteins (meats, poultry, fish, dairy product, and eggs)
Term
Incomplete proteins
Definition
lack one or more essential amino acids (most commonly lysine, methionine, or tryptophan) and are usually derived from vegetables
Term
Protein functions
Definition
-building and repairing body tissues
-regulating fluid balance (albumin)
-producing antibodies
-provides energy -kcal/g
-maintaining acid-base balance
-producing enzymes and hormones
Term
Protein Sources
Definition
-meats, fish
-dairy products
-cereal products can contribute
-bread and cereals
-dried beans and peas
-peanut butter
Term
Protein deficiencies health issues
Definition
-increased risk for pressure ulcers
-increased wound healing time
-prolonged recovery tie
Term
Who are prone for protein deficiencies
Definition
elderly, homeless, unable to prepare meals, anorexic, low income, strict vegetarians, uneducated, unwise shoppers, chronically ill, hospitalized, draining wounds
Term
Anabolism
Definition
-storing nutrients
-conversion of simple substances into complex substances
-occurring continually throughout the body
-allows body to grow, build, and rebuild body tissues, muscles, bone and other cells
-glucose, amino acids, and fatty acids are used to build cells
Term
Catabolism
Definition
-breaking down of nutrients
-tearing down of body tissues, muscle, bones, and other cells
-during illness or chronic stress, catabolism exceeds anabolism
-if body does not receive energy, it will breakdown tissues
Term
Nitrogen Balance
Definition
measure of the degree of protein anabolism and catabolism; it is the net result of intake and loss of nitrogen. When nitrogen intake equals nitrogen output, a state of nitrogen balance exists

compares the amount of nitrogen entering the body in food protein with the nitrogen lost from the body in feces and urine
Term
Positive nitrogen balance
Definition
more nitrogen is retained in the body than excreted
-the nitrogen is used to form new cells for growth and healing
-growing children, pregnant women, individuals recovering from illness or injury
Term
Negative nitrogen balance
Definition
more nitrogen is excreted from the body than is retained from dietary protein sources.
-breakdown of proteins within the body, such as muscles or organs, caused by aging, physical illness, extreme stress, starvation, surgery, or eating disorders, infection, sepsis, burns, fever, trauma
Term
Lipids
Definition
organic substances that are greasy and insoluble in water but soluble in alcohol or ether
-contain same elements ( C, H, O) as carbohydrates but they contain a higher proportion of H
-fats, oils
Term
Fats
Definition
lipids that are solid at room temp
Term
Oils
Definition
lipids that are liquid at room temp
Term
Fatty acids
Definition
made up of carbon chains and hydrogen, are the basic structural units of most lipids
-saturated or unsaturated according to the relative number of hydrogen atoms they contain
Term
Saturated fatty acids
Definition
those in which all carbon atomsare filed to capacity with hydrogen
Term
Unsaturated fatty acid
Definition
one that could accommodate more hydrogen atoms than it currently does. It has at least 2 carbon atoms that are not attached to a hydrogen atom; instead there is a double bond between two carbon atoms
Term
monounsaturated fatty acids
Definition
fatty acids with one double bond
Term
polyunsaturated fatty acids
Definition
fatty acids with more than one double bond (or many carbons not bonded to a hydrogen atom)
Term
Glycerides
Definition
simple lipid consists of glycerol molecule with up to 3 fatty acids attached
Term
Triglycerides
Definition
glycerol with 3 fatty acids attached
-account for more than 90% of the lipids in food and in the body
-may contain saturated or unsaturated fatty acids
-saturated triglycerides are found in animal products, such as butter and are usually solid at room temp
-unsaturated triglycerides are usually liquid at room temp and are found in plant products, such as olive oil and corn oil
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
fatlike substance that is both produced by the body and found in foods of animal origin
-most of the body's cholesterol is synthesized in the liver; however some is absorbed from the diet (milk egg yolk, organ meats)
-needed to create bile acids and synthesize steroid hormones
Term
Fats/Lipids should not be more than ____% of our diets

energy source ____kcal/g
Definition
30%
9kcal/g
Term
functions of Fats/Lipids
Definition
-protection of internal organs
-helps maintain body temperature
-enhances absorption of fat-souluble vitamins
-provides essential fatty acids
Term
Energy liberated from the metabolism of food for:
carbohydrates
protein
fat
alcohol
Definition
carbohydrates = 4Kcal/g
protein = 4Kcal/g
fat = 9Kcal/g
alcohol= 7Kcal/g
Term
Fat Sources
-beef and lard
-luncheon meats
-hard yellow cheese
-butter
-oils containing saturated fats-palm and coconut
Definition
Saturated Fats
Term
Fat Sources
-olive and peanut oils, canola
Definition
Monounsaturated Fats
Term
Fat Sources
-vegetable, corn, and sunflower oils
Definition
Polyunsaturated
Term
Fat Sources
-egg yolks, liver, organ meats
Definition
Cholesterol
Term
Vitamins
Definition
organic compound that cannot be manufactured by the body and is needed in small quantities to catalyze metabolic processes
Term
Water-soluble vitamins
Definition
-C
-B-complex vitamins: B1 (thiamine), B2(riboflavin), B3 (niacin), B6 (pyridoxine), B9(folic acid), B12 (cobalamin), pantothenic acid, and biotin
-body cannot store so need daily supply in the diet
-can be affected by food processing, storage, and preparation
-excess is excreted
-easily absorbed in stomach and intestines
Term
Fat-soluble vitamins
Definition
include A, D, E, and K
-stored in the body
-excess can cause toxicity
-absorbed with bile and fats
Term
maintains skin and eyesight
-sources- yellow and green vegetables
Definition
Vitamin A
Term
helps body absorb calcium
-sources-sunshine, fortified milk, and cereals
Definition
Vitamin D
Term
antioxicant, good for skin
-sources- vegetable oils, nuts
Definition
Vitamin E
Term
needed for blood clotting
-sources-green leafy vegetables
-antidote=Coumadin (Warfarin)
Definition
Vitamin K
Term
helps with wound healing
-sources-citrus fruits, broccoli, tomatoes
Definition
Vitamin C
Term
prevents neural tube disorders
-sources-green leafy vegetables, beef fish, citrus fruits
Definition
Folic Acid
Term
Macrominerals
Definition
those that people require daily in amounts over 100 mg
-calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium, magnesium, chloride and sulfur
Term
Microminerals
Definition
those that people require daily in amounts less than 100mg daily
-iron, zinc, manganese, iodine, fluoride, copper, cobalt, chromium, and selenium
Term
bone and teeth formation, muscle contraction
-sources-milk and milk products, fortified OJ, yogurt, cheese, sardines, salmon
Definition
Calcium
Term
Calcium deficiency
Definition
Osteoporosis
Term
Elderly need at least _____mg calcium daily to prevent bone loss
Definition
800mg
Term
component of Hemoglobin, prevents anemia
-sources-liver, meats, dark green vegetables, fortified cereals
Definition
Iron
Term
Iron deficiency
Definition
Anemia
Term
Teaching interventions for client with Iron deficiency anemia taking Ferrous Sulfate or Gluconate
Definition
-take 1 hour before or 2 hours after meals
-if upset stomach, take with food (except coffee, tea, eggs or milk
-stools turn green/black
-dilute liquid forms in water/juice and use straw to prevent staining of teeth
-common SE: n/v, cramps, constipation
Term
Factors affecting Nutrition
Definition
-development
-gender
-ethnicity and culture
-beliefs about food
-personal preference
-religious practices
-lifestyle
-medications and therapy
-health
-alcohol consumption
-advertising
-psychologic factors
Term
BMI: Body Mass Index
Definition
used to determine whether a person's weight is appropriate to their height
<16 = malnourished
16-19 =underweight
20-25 = normal
26-30 = overweight
>30 = obese
Term
BMI
malnourished
Definition
<16
Term
BMI
underweight
Definition
16-19
Term
BMI
normal
Definition
20-25
Term
BMI
overweight
Definition
26-30
Term
BMI
obese
Definition
>30
Term
Therapeutic Diets
Definition
clear
full
soft
high fiber
low sodium
low cholesterol
diabetic
Term
Therapeutic Diets
-coffee, tea, bouillon, popsicles, hard candy
Definition
Clear
Term
Therapeutic Diets
-milk and cream, ice cream, puddings, butter, yogurt
Definition
Full
Term
Therapeutic Diets
-scrambled eggs, mashed potatoes, breads, cereals, cake
Definition
Soft
Term
Therapeutic Diets
-diet with additional fresh uncooked fruits, bran, steamed vegetables, oatmeal, dried fruits
Definition
High Fiber
Term
Therapeutic Diets
Low Sodium
Definition
no added salt, 2g, 1g, or 500mg
Term
Therapeutic Diets
Low Cholesterol
Definition
300mg/day
Term
Therapeutic Diets
Diabetic
Definition
ADA Guidelines/Food exchanges (around 1800 calories)
Term
Folic Acid RDA
Definition
400 mcg per day
pregnancy 600 mcg
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