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chapter 4
energy, chemistry, society
28
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/27/2010

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Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work or supply heat
(See page(s) 152)
Term
work
Definition
form of energy describing movement against a restraining force. Mathematically, work is equal to the force multiplied by the distance over which the motion occurs.
(See page(s) 152)
Term
heat
Definition
energy that flows from a hotter to a colder object
(See page(s) 152)
Term
temperature
Definition
property of matter that determines the direction of heat flow
(See page(s) 152)
Term
calorie
Definition
formerly defined as the amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of exactly 1 g of water by 1°C. Now redefined as exactly 4.184 J. 1
(See page(s) 52)
Term
first law of thermodynamics
Definition
the statement that energy is neither created nor destroyed, also called the law of conservation of energy
(See page(s) 153)
Term
potential energy
Definition
energy that is stored. Also called the energy of position.
(See page(s) 153)
Term
kinetic energy
Definition
energy of motion
(See page(s) 153)
Term
entropy
Definition
randomness in position or energy level
(See page(s) 157)
Term
second law of thermodynamics
Definition
the statement that the entropy of the universe is constantly increasing
(See page(s) 157)
Term
combustion
Definition
chemical process in which a fuel combines rapidly with oxygen to release energy and form products
(See page(s) 29,158)
Term
exothermic
Definition
term applied to any chemical or physical change accompanied by the release of heat
(See page(s) 158)
Term
calorimeter
Definition
device with which the quantity of heat energy released in a combustion reaction can be determined experimentally
(See page(s) 158)
Term
heat of combustion
Definition
quantity of heat energy given off when a specified amount of a substance burns in oxygen
(See page(s) 159)
Term
endothermic
Definition
term applied to any chemical or physical change that absorbs energy
(See page(s) 160)
Term
bond energy
Definition
amount of energy that must be absorbed to break a specific chemical bond
(See page(s) 160)
Term
respiration
Definition
process by which humans and animals exchange the oxygen necessary for metabolism with the carbon dioxide produced by it
(See page(s) 166)
Term
hydrocarbon
Definition
compound that contains only the elements hydrogen and carbon
(See page(s) 28, 171)
Term
alkane
Definition
a hydrocarbon with only single bonds between the carbon atoms
(See page(s) 171)
Term
distillation
Definition
separation process in which a solution is heated to its boiling point and the vapors of the various components are condensed and collected
(See page(s) 171, 230)
Term
cracking
Definition
chemical process by which large molecules are broken into smaller ones, such as those suitable for use in gasoline
(See page(s) 174)
Term
thermal cracking
Definition
heating of starting materials to a high temperature
(See page(s) 175)
Term
catalytic cracking
Definition
catalysts used to promote molecular breakdown at lower temperatures than thermal cracking
(See page(s) 175)
Term
isomers
Definition
molecules with the same chemical formula (same number and kinds of atoms), but with different structures and properties
(See page(s) 175, 408)
Term
oxygenated gasolines
Definition
blends of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons with added oxygen-containing compounds such as MTBE, ethanol, or methanol (CH3OH)
(See page(s) 177)
Term
reformulated gasolines (RFGs)
Definition
oxygenated gasolines that also contain a lower percentage of certain more volatile hydrocarbons such as benzene found in nonoxygenated conventional gasoline
(See page(s) 177)
Term
activation energy
Definition
energy necessary to initiate a chemical reaction
(See page(s) 179)
Term
biomass
Definition
general term for plant matter such as trees, grasses, agricultural crops or other biological material
(See page(s) 179)
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