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Chapter 45
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
54
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/25/2013

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Term
4 steps of gas exchange
Definition
1. ventilation: the movement of air or water through a specialized gas exchange organ, such as lungs or gills
2. gas exchange: the diffusion of O2 & CO2 between air or water & the blood at the respiratory surface
3. circulation: the transport of dissolved O2 & CO2 throughout the body - along with nutrients, wastes, & other types of molecules - via the circulatory system
4. cellular respiration: the cell's use of O2 & the production of CO2
Term
respiratory system
Definition
the collection of cells, tissues, & organs responsible for gas exchange between the individual animal & its environment
Term
circulatory system
Definition
moves O2, CO2, & other materials around the body
Term
partial pressure
Definition
the pressure of a particular gas in a mixture of gases
Term
4 factors that determine the amount of gas that dissolves in water
Definition
1. solubility of the gas in water
2. temperature of the water
3. presence of other solutes
4. partial pressure of the gas in contact with the water
Term
Fick's law of diffusion
Definition
the rate of diffusion of a gas depends on five parameters:
1. the solubility of the gas in the aqueous film lining the gas exchange surface
2. the temperature
3. the surface area available for diffusion
4. the difference in partial pressure of the gas across the gas exchange surface
5. the thickness of the barrier to diffusion
Term
3 conditions at which Fick's laws states that gases will diffuse at the highest rates
Definition
1. a large area is available for gas exchange
2. the respiratory surface is extremely thin
3. the partial pressure gradient of the gas across the surface is large
Term
operculum
Definition
the stiff flap of tissue that covers the gills
Term
gill filaments
Definition
long, thin structures that extend from each gill arch
Term
gill lamellae
Definition
sheetlike structures that compose gill filaments
Term
tracheae
Definition
air-filled tubes located within the body of insects
Term
spiracles
Definition
openings through which tracheae connect to the exterior which can be closed to minimize the loss of water by evaporation (in insects)
Term
trachea
Definition
a tube that carries the inhaled air to bronchi
Term
bronchi
Definition
narrower tubes that branch off into the bronchioles
Term
lungs
Definition
internal organs that are used for gas exchange
Term
alveoli
Definition
tiny sacs into which the lungs of mammals are divided
Term
dead space
Definition
air passages that are not lined by a respiratory surface
Term
4 steps for the ventilation of birds
Definition
1. during inhalation, air flows through the trachea & enters two large air sacs posterior to the lungs
2. during exhalation, air leaves the posterior air sacs & enters tiny, branching airways, called parabronchi, in the posterior portion of the lungs
3. during the next inhalation, air moves into the parabronchi in the anterior part of the lungs & on to a system of air sacs anterior to the lungs
4. during the next exhalation, air moves out of the anterior sacs, through the trachea, & out to the atmosphere
Term
plasma
Definition
the extracellular matrix that composes 50-65% of the blood volume in an average human
Term
3 formed elements in blood
Definition
1. platelets: cell fragments that act to minimize blood loss from ruptured blood vessels
2. white blood cells: part of the immune system
3. red blood cells: transport oxygen from the lungs to tissues throughout the body
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
the oxygen-carrying molecule found in mammalian red blood cells
Term
heme
Definition
nonprotein group to which each of the four polypeptide chains in hemoglobin bind
Term
cooperative bonding
Definition
the binding of each successive oxygen molecule to a subunit of the hemoglobin molecule causes a conformational change in the protein that makes the remaining subunits much more likely to bind oxygen
Term
2 reasons why the carbonic anhydrase activity is so important in red blood cells
Definition
1. the protons produced by the enzyme-catalyzed reaction induce the Bohr shift, which makes hemoglobin more likely to release oxygen
2. the partial pressure of CO2 in blood drops when carbon dioxide is converted to soluble bicarbonate ions, maintaining a strong partial pressure gradient favoring the entry of CO2 into red blood cells
Term
buffer
Definition
a compound that minimizes changes in pH
Term
open circulatory system
Definition
a fluid connective tissue called hemolymph is actively pumped throughout the body in vessels. hemolymph comes into direct contact with the tissues. the molecules being exchanged between hemolymph & tissues do not have to diffuse across the wall of a vessel
Term
heart
Definition
muscular organ that pumps hemolymph into vessels that empty into an open, fluid-filled space
Term
closed circulatory system
Definition
blood flows in a continuous circuit through the body, under pressure generated by a heart
Term
3 classifications of blood vessels
Definition
1. arteries: tough, thick-walled vessels that take blood away from the heart
2. capillaries: vessels whose walls are just one cell thick, allowing exchange of gases & other molecules between blood & tissues
3. veins: thin-walled vessels that return blood to the heart
Term
arterioles
Definition
small arteries
Term
capillary beds
Definition
networks of capillaries
Term
venules
Definition
small veins
Term
aorta
Definition
a large artery into which the heart ejects blood
Term
valves
Definition
thin flaps of tissue that prevent any backflow of blood
Term
interstitial fluid
Definition
the fluid that fills the area between cells
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
a collection of thin-walled, branching tubules called lymphatic vessels that permeate all tissues
Term
lymph
Definition
interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic ducts
Term
atrium
Definition
receives blood (thin-walled)
Term
ventricle
Definition
generates the force required to propel blood out of the heart & through the circulatory system (thick-walled)
Term
2 separate pumping circuits
Definition
1. pulmonary circulation: lower-pressure circuit to & from the lung
2. systemic circulation: higher-pressure circuit to & from the rest of the body
Term
3 steps of pulmonary circulation
Definition
1. blood enters right atrium on return from the body
2. blood enters right ventricle
3. blood is pumped to lungs from right ventricle
Term
3 steps of systemic circulation
Definition
1. blood returns to the left atrium from the lungs
2. blood enters left ventricle
3. blood is pumped to body from left ventricle
Term
venae cavae
Definition
two large veins that bring the arrival of blood low in oxygen
Term
pulmonary artery
Definition
sends blood out to the lungs from the contracting right ventricle
Term
heart murmur
Definition
backflow reducing the organ's efficiency
Term
pulmonary veins
Definition
returns blood that has been circulated through the capillary beds in the lung's alveoli & became oxygenated to the heart
Term
pacemaker cells
Definition
the cells that initiate contraction in the vertebrate heart
Term
sinoatrial (SA) node
Definition
region of the right atrium where pacemaker cells are located
Term
intercalated disks
Definition
how cardiac muscle cells connect to other cardiac muscle cells
Term
electrocardio gram (EKG)
Definition
a recording of the electrical events that occur over the course of a cardiac cycle
Term
5 steps of electrical activation of the heart
Definition
1. signal originates at SA node
2. signal spreads over atria; atria contract
3. signal delays at AV node
4. signal spreads down conducting fibers to bottom of ventricles; ventricles contract
5. ventricles relax
Term
systole
Definition
contraction phases of the atria & ventricles
Term
diastole
Definition
relaxation phases of the atria & ventricles
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
sequence of contraction & relaxation of the atria & ventricles
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