Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 45 and 46 vocab
body systems
104
Biology
9th Grade
05/05/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
muscle tissue
Definition
the tissue made of cells that can contract and relax to produce movement
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
a voluntary muscle that is attached to the bones and that moves parts of the body
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
the type of involuntary muscle found in the heart
Term
nervous tissue
Definition
the tissue of the nervous system, which consists of neurons, their supporting cells and connective tissue.
Term
neurons
Definition
a nerve cell that is specialized to receive and conduct electrical impulses.
Term
epithelial tissue
Definition
a tissue that is composed of a sheet of cells and that covers a body surface or lines a body cavity.
Term
connective tissue
Definition
a tissue that has a lot of intracellular substance and that connects and supports other tissues
Term
matrix
Definition
an extracellular substance that gives connective tissue its strength and flexibility; can be solid, semisolid, or liquid
Term
organ
Definition
a connection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
Term
cranial cavity
Definition
the area of the skull within which the brain rests
Term
spinal cavity
Definition
the hollow part of the body that contains the spinal cord
Term
diaphragm
Definition
a dome-shaped muscle that is attached to the lower ribs and that functions as the main muscle in respiration
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition
the part of the human body cavity that is between the neck and the abdomen and that contains the heart and the lungs
Term
abdominal cavity
Definition
the hollow part of the body that is below the diapgragm and above the pelvis; contains the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction.
Term
pelvic cavity
Definition
the hollow part of the body that is below the abdominal cavity and that contains the organs of the reproductive and excretion systems.
Term
skeleton
Definition
the bones of a human or animal body that forms the framework of the body, supports the muscles and organs, and protects the inner organs.
Term
axial skeleton
Definition
the bones of the skull, ribs, vertebral column and sternum
Term
appendicular skeleton
Definition
the bones of the arms and legs along with the scapula, clavicle and pelvis
Term
periosteum
Definition
a white, double-layered membrane that covers the entire surface of bone except for the joint surfaces, it is richly supplied with nerve fibers and blood vessels.
Term
compact bone
Definition
the layer of bone that is just beneath the periosteum and that gives that bones its strength and rigidity
Term
haversian canal
Definition
a channel containing blood vessels in compact bone tissue.
Term
osteocyte
Definition
a bone cell
Term
spongy bone
Definition

less-dense bone tissue that has many open spaces

 

Term
bone marrow
Definition

soft tissue inside bones where red and white blood cells are produced

 

Term
fracture
Definition
an injury in which the tissue of a bone is broken
Term
ossification
Definition
the process by which cartilage is converted into bone.
Term
epiphyseal plate
Definition
the point at which bones elongate during growth it is found at joint ends of long bones, is composed of cartilage, and becomes an epiphyseal line in mature bone
Term
joint
Definition
a place where two or more bones meet
Term
fixed joint
Definition
a joint at which no movement occurs
Term
semimovable joint
Definition
a joint at which limited movement occurs
Term
movable joint
Definition
a joint at which a wide range of motion occurs
Term
ligament
Definition
a type of connective tissue that holds together the bones in a joint
Term
synovial fluid
Definition
the transparent fluid lubricates joints
Term
rheumatoid arthritis
Definition
a chronic immune-system disorder that causes stiff and painful joints
Term
osteoarthritis
Definition
 a degenerative joint disease in which cartilage covering the surface of the bones becomed thinner and rougher
Term
muscle fiber
Definition
a multinucleate muscle cell, especially of skeletal or cardiac muscle tissue
Term
striation
Definition
muscle fiber contained with many nuclei and is crossed by light and dark stripes
Term
voluntary muscle
Definition
a muscle whose movement can be consciously controlled
Term
involuntary muscle
Definition
a muscle whose movement cannot be controlled voluntarily, such as the cardiac muscle
Term
myofibril
Definition
a bundle of threadlike structure found within a striated muscle cell and mostly made up of actin and myosin
Term
myosin
Definition
the most abundant protein in muscle tissue and the main constituent of the thick filaments of muscle fibers
Term
actin
Definition
a protein that makes up the thin filaments of muscle fibers and that functions in the contraction and relaxation of muscle
Term
z line
Definition
the line formed by the attachment of actin filaments between two sarcomeres of a muscle fiber in striated muscle cells
Term
sarcomere
Definition
the basic unit of contraction in skeletal and cardiac muscle
Term
tendon
Definition
a tough connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone or to another body part
Term
origin
Definition
in anatomy, the point at which a muscle attaches to a stationary bone
Term
insertion
Definition
in anatomy, the point at which a muscle is attached to a moving bone
Term
flexor
Definition
a muscle that bends a joint
Term
extensor
Definition
a muscle that extends a joint
Term
muscle fatigue
Definition
the physiological inability of a muscle to contract
Term
oxygen debt
Definition
the extra amount of oxygen that must be taken in by the body to replenish the msucles oxygen reserves and to allow for the breakdown of lactic acid within the muscles, especially after strenuous activity.
Term
epidermis
Definition
the outer surface layer of cells of a plant or animal
Term
keratin
Definition
a hard protein that forms hair, bird feathers, nails and horns
Term
melanin
Definition
a pigment that helps determine skin color
Term
dermis
Definition
the layer of skin below the epidermis
Term
exocrine gland
Definition
a gland that discharges its secretions through a duct
Term
sweat gland
Definition
an exocrine gland that secretes sweat; these glands are distributed over the skin surface of most of the body
Term
oil gland
Definition
an exocrine gland that secrets an oily substance called sebum
Term
sebum
Definition
the oily secretion of the sebaceous glands
Term
smooth muscles
Definition
the elongated muscle that is not under voluntary control and that is found in the digestive tract, blood vessels, glands, and hair follicles but not in the heart
Term
fascicle
Definition
dense bundles of skeletal muscle fibers
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
a collection of organs that transport blood throughout the body; the organs in this system include the heart, the arteries, and the veins
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
a collection of organs whose primary function is to collect extracellular fluid and return it to the blood; the organs in this system include the lymph nodes, and the lymphatic vessels.
Term
atrium
Definition
a chamber the receives blood that is returning to the heart
Term
ventricle
Definition
one of the two large muscular chambers that pump blood out of the heart
Term
valve
Definition
a fold of membranes that controls the flow of a fluid
Term
aorta
Definition
the main artery in the body; it carries blood from the left ventricle to systemic circulation
Term
sinoatrial node
Definition
a mass of cardiac muscle cells that lies at the junction of the superior vena cava with the right atrium and that initiates and regulates contraction of the heart
Term
atrioventricular node
Definition
a mass of specialized cardiac muscle that is located between the right atrium and right ventricle and that generates electrical impulses that cause the ventricles of the heart to compact
Term
pulse
Definition
the rhythmic pressure of the blood against the walls of a vessel, particularly an artery
Term
artery
Definition
a blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart to the body's organs
Term
blood pressure
Definition
the force that blood exerts on the walls of the arteries
Term
hypertension
Definition
a condition of high blood pressure
Term
capillary
Definition
a tiny blood vessel that allows an exchange between blood and cells in tissue
Term
vein
Definition
in plants, a bundle of vascular tissue that transports fluids and nutrients; in animals, a vessel that carries blood to the heart.
Term
pulmonary circulation
Definition
the flow of blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs and back to the left atrium of the heart through the network of pulmonary arteries, capillaries, and veins
Term
systemic circulation
Definition
the movement of blood from the heart to all parts of the body and back to the heart
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
a disease characterized by the buildup of fatty materials on the interior walls of the arteries
Term
lymph
Definition
the fluid that is collected by the lymphatic vessels and nodes
Term
plasma
Definition
in biology, the liquid component of blood
Term
red blood cell
Definition
a disc-shaped cell that has no nucleus, that contains hemoglobin, and that transports oxygen in the circulatory system
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
the oxygen-carrying protein in red blood cells
Term
white blood cell
Definition
a type of cell in the blood that destroys bacteria, viruses, and toxic proteins and helps the body develop immunities
Term
phagocyte
Definition
a cell that ingests and destroys foreign matter or microorganisms
Term
antibody
Definition
a protein that reacts to a specific antigen or that inactivates or destroys toxins
Term
platelet
Definition
a fragment of a cell that is needed to form blood clots
Term
fibrin
Definition
a protein that forms a network of fibers during blood clotting
Term
blood type
Definition
a classification of blood that depends on the type of antigen present on the surface of the red blood cells.
Term
antigen
Definition
a substance that stimulates an immune response
Term
rh factor
Definition
one of several blood-group antigens carried on the surface of red blood cells.
Term
respiratory system
Definition
a collection of organs whose primary function is to take in oxygen and expel carbon dioxide; the organs of this system include, the lungs, the throat, and the passageways that lead to the lungs.
Term
external respiration
Definition
the exchange of gases between the atmosphere and the lungs
Term
internal respiration
Definition
the exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body
Term
lung
Definition
the central organ of the respiratory system in which oxygen from the air is exchanged with carbon dioxide from the blood.
Term
pharynx
Definition
in flatworms, the muscular tube that leads from the mouth to the gastrovascular cavity; in animals with a digestive tract, the passage from the mouth to the larynx and esophagus
Term
epiglottis
Definition
a structure that hangs at the entrance of the larynx and prevents food from entering the larynx and the trachea while swallowing
Term
trachea
Definition
in insects, myriapods, and spiders, one of a network of air tubes; in vertebrates, the tube that connects the larynx to the lungs
Term
larynx
Definition
the area of the throat that contains the vocal cords and produces vocal sounds
Term
bronchus
Definition
one of the two tubes that connects the lungs with the trachea
Term
bronchiole
Definition
a small air passage that branches from the bronchi within the lungs
Term
alveolus
Definition
any of the tiny air cells of the lungs where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged.
Term
inspiration
Definition
the process of taking air from outside the body into the lungs
Term
diaphragm
Definition
a dome-shaped muscle that is attached to the lower ribs and that functions as the main muscle in respiration
Term
expiration
Definition
the process in which air is forced out of the lungs
Supporting users have an ad free experience!