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Chapter 4
Deviance and Social Control
24
Sociology
Undergraduate 1
04/08/2013

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Term
social control
Definition
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant behavior in any society
Term
conformity
Definition
going along with peers - individuals of our own status, who have no special right to direct our behavior
Term
obedience
Definition
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
Term
law
Definition
goverenmental social control
Term
deviance
Definition
behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
Term
stigma
Definition
labels society uses to devalue members of certain social groups
Term
anomie
Definition
the loss of direction felt in a society when social control of individualbehavior has become ineffective
Term
anomie theory of deviance
Definition
a theory developed by Robert Merton that explains deviance as an adaptation either of socially perscribed goals or of the norms governing their attainment, or both
Term
Merton's modes of individual adaptation
Definition

Mode

Institutionalized Means (Hard Work)

Societal Goals (Acquisition of Wealth)

Nondeviant

 

 

      Conformity

Acceptance

Acceptance

Deviant

 

 

     Innovation

Rejection

Acceptance

    Ritualism

Acceptance

Rejection

     Retreatism

  Acceptance

Rejection

     Rebellion

Acceptance/ Rejection

Acceptance/ Rejection

 

Term
cultural transmission
Definition
emphasizes that people learn criminal behavior through their social interactions
Term
differential association
Definition
the process through which exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts leads to rule violations
Term
social disorganization theory
Definition
the theory the increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social insitutions, such as the family, school, church, and local government
Term
labeling theory
Definition
a theory that attempts to explain why certain people are viewed as deviants
Term
social-reaction approach
Definition

the resonse the the act, not the behavior itself, that determines deviance

a.k.a Labeling theory

Term
Crime
Definition
a violation of criminal law for which some governmental authority applies formal penalties
Term
victimless crime
Definition
the willing exhange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services
Term
professional crime
Definition
a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing  skilled techniques and enjoying a certin degree of status among other criminals
Term
organized crime
Definition
the work of a group that regulates relations between various criminal enterprises involved in various illegal activities, including the smuggling  and sale of drugs, prostitution, and gambling
Term
white-collar cime
Definition
illegal acts committed in the course of business activities, ofthern by affluent, "respectable" people
Term
transnational crime
Definition
crime that occurs across multiple national borders
Term
crime has gone down in the U.S. what are the three explanations for this?
Definition

1) community - oriented policing and crime prevention programs

2) new gun control laws

3) A massive increase in the prison population, which at least prevents inmates from committing crimes outside of prison

Term
victimization surveys
Definition
Questioning of ordinary people, not police officers, to determine whether they have ben victims of crime
Term
formal social control
Definition
control carried out by authorized agents, such as police officers , physicians, school administrators, employers, military officers, and managers of movie theatres
Term
informal social control
Definition
control that people through a process of persuasion
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