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Chapter 4
Prenatal Development and Birth
92
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
07/27/2012

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Term
ovulation
Definition
every 28 days an ovum ripens, leaves the ovary and begins its way down the fallopian tube: is either fertilized or dissolved
Term
infertility
Definition
not being able to get pregnant after a year of trying
Term
in vitro fertilization
Definition
eggs from the mother are put in a dish with sperm before being implanted into the uterus
Term
ART
Definition
assisted reproductive technologies
Term
three stages of prenatal development
Definition
germinal, embryonic, and fetal
Term
germinal period
Definition
2 weeks
-day 1: fertilization
-day 2: zygote begins to divide
-day 3-4: the mass has 16 cells and is called a morula, it is traveling down the fallopian tubes towards uterus
-day 5: the inner cell mass forms; called blastocyst
-day 6-7: the blastocyst attaches to the wall of the uterus
-day 8-14: blastocyst becomes fully embedded in wall of uterus; now 250 cells
Term
morula
Definition
mass of 16 cells on day 3-4 of germinal period
Term
blastocyst
Definition
inner cell mass that forms on day 5 of germinal period; a hollow ball; about 150 cells
Term
statistics of miscarriage for recognized pregnancies and unrecognized
Definition
15-20% for recognized, 50% for unrecognized
Term
embryonic period time period
Definition
from 3rd to 8th week
Term
embyronic period events
Definition
-organogenesis
-layers of the blastocyst differentiate: ectoderm, mesoderm and endoderm
-ears, mouth and throat emerge
-arm and leg buds appear and handplate
-heart divides into 4 chambers
-brain differentiates into forebrain, midbrain, and hindbrain
-primitive facial features are evident and fingers emerge from handplate
-sexual differentiation
-ovaries and tests are evident

p 98
Term
organogenesis
Definition
-in embyronic period
-every major organ takes shape in at least primitive form
Term
amnion
Definition
-in embryonic period
-outer layer of blastocyst
-watertight membrane that fills w fluid that cushions and protects the embryo
Term
chorion
Definition
a membrane that surrounds the amnion and attaches rootlike extensions called villi to the uterus to gather nourishment

-eventually becomes the lining of the placenta
Term
placenta
Definition
-starts out as chorion
-tissue fed by blood vessels from the mother and connected to the embryo by the umbilical cord
Term
ectoderm
Definition
outer layer, folds into neural tube
Term
mesoderm
Definition
-a tiny heart forms and begins to beat
-during embryonic period
-becomes muscle, cartilage, bone, heart, arteries, etc
Term
endoderm
Definition
-gastrointestinal tract and lungs form
-during embryonic period
-also becomes bladder
Term
spina bifida
Definition
part of the spinal cord at the bottom is not fully encased in the protective covering of the spinal column
-can lead to neurological problems
-every 1 in 1000
Term
anencephaly
Definition
a lethal deft in which the main portion of the brain stem fails to develop because the neural tube does not close at the top
Term
fetal period time frame
Definition
-9th week til birth
Term
fetal period events
Definition
-p 99
-neurons continue to proliferate
-
Term
glial cells
Definition
-are "grown" after birth
-function as support for neurons
Term
neuron migration
Definition
-use their genetic code and biochemical environment as influence
-travel along surface of glial cells then detach
-neurons go to closest place first then furthest place last
-occurs between 8 and 15 weeks
Term
fetal period harmful agents
Definition
-will no longer cause malformations in organs because they have already formed but can stunt the growth of the fetus and interfere w the wiring of the nervous system
Term
third month of pregnancy (end of first trimester)
Definition
-distinguishable external sex organs appear, bones and muscle develops and the fetus becomes frisky
-can swallow, digest and urinate
Term
second trimester
Definition
-fourth, fifth and sixth months
-sensory organs function
-refined activities such as thumb sucking appear
Term
age of viability
Definition
-survival outside of uterus is possible IF the brain and respiratory system are sufficiently developed
-midway through fifth month
Term
third trimester
Definition
-7th, 8th, and 9th month
-the fetus gains weight rapidly
-neurons increase in size and gain myelin
Term
myelin
Definition
sheath that improves neurons ability to conduct signals
Term
neurons in third trimester
Definition
increase in size, gain myelin, and connect w each other to form working groups
Term
infant states
Definition
coherent patterns of sleep and wake with organized heart rate activity and movement
Term
variable heart rates and mental/language development
Definition
-the slower and more variable the heart rate=the higher levels; reflect optimal regulation of the nervous system
Term
important changes in nervous system occur
Definition
between 28 and 32 weeks
Term
teratogen
Definition
any disease, drug, or other environmental agent that can harm a developing detus
Term
statistics of minor problems w babies and teratogens
Definition
-only 15% of newborns have minor problems and 5% have significant problems from teratogens
Term
critical period
Definition
-time of rapid growth for an organ
Term
thalidomide effects on pregnancy
Definition
-prescribed int he late 1950's to relieve morning sickness
-resulted in parts of limbs missing or deformed eyes, ears, noses and hearts ; depended on when the thalidomide was taken
Term
tobacco effects on pregnancy
Definition
-grow more slowly, prematurity, low birth weight, cleft lips and celt palates
-restricts blood flow to fetus: reduces levels of growth factors, oxygen and nutrients
-more irritable and score lower on behavioral assessments
-respiratory issues
-risk of SIS (sudden infant death syndrome) increases
-more effects on central nervous system than sporadic exposure to cocaine

IN SUM: causes slow growth, respsiratory, cognitive and conduct problems
Term
fetal alcohol syndrome
Definition
-small head, conduct problems, attention deficit, low IQ
-3 in 1000
Term
fetal alcohol effects/alcohol related neurodevelopmental disorder
Definition
-have effects but not as severe as fetal alcohol syndrome
Term
fathers alcohol use and fetus
Definition
-do not know if it is the consumption that causes developmental problems or the parenting skills
Term
cocaine use during pregnancy
Definition
-spontaneous abortion during first trimester
-detachment of placenta later in pregnancy
-fetal malnourishment
-retarded growth, low birth weight
-withdrawal symptoms for babies
-problems w information processing and sensory motor skills during infancy that do not persist into childhood
Term
summary of drugs effect on pregnancy
Definition
p 109
Term
rubella and pregnancy
Definition
-vision and hearing loss, mental retardation, heart defects, cerebral palsy, and microcephaly
-most dangerous during first trimester
Term
diabetes
Definition
increased risk of premature delivery, stillbirth or miscarriage, immature lung development, and large fetal size
Term
syphilis and pregnancy
Definition
-most damaging in middle and last trimester
-effects like rubella: vision and hearing loss, heart damage, brain damage, miscarriage
Term
AIDS and pregnancy
Definition
-can be transmitted to fetus by placenta, perinatally when blood may be exchanged when umbilical cord separates from placenta or postnatally during breastfeeding
Term
radiation and pregnancy
Definition
lots of miscarriages, mental retardation, greater change of leukemia and cancer
Term
world trade centers and pregnancy
Definition
lighter, shorter, and earlier births, decreased cognitive abilities
Term
lead and pregnancy
Definition
smaller birth weight, early and impaired intellectual functioning

-EVEN after birth lead in old paid or lead water pipes result in lowered mental function
Term
mercury exposure
Definition
-delayed development, memory, attention, and language problems
Term
exposure to PCB's
Definition
poor reflexes and learning difficulties
Term
stillbirth
Definition
fetal death late in pregnancy
Term
young mothers complications
Definition
-low birth weight, still borns
Term
older women complications
Definition
-trouble getting pregnant, more fraternal twins b/c more likely to release two eggs during ovulation
Term
non-hispanic black women
Definition
-highest mortality rates for fetuses
-poor preconception health of mother and less prenatal care
-more susceptible to premature births
Term
stress during pregnancy
Definition
-irregular heart rate, stunted prenatal growth, lower birth weight, premature birth
-irritable, more active and crying babies, greater fearfulness, decrease in cognitive development

-during first trimester: schizophrenia
Term
physical cause of stress during pregnancy
Definition
-hormones, immune system changes, reduced blood flow, poor diet
Term
depression and pregnancy
Definition
-motor delays in newborns
Term
recommended weight gain
Definition
25-30 pounds: extra 300 calories
Term
malnutrition and pregnancy
Definition
during first trimester, disrupt formation of spinal cord, result in fewer brain cells and cause stillbirth
-during third trimester results in smaller neurons, smaller brain and smaller child

-cognitive defects and risk for certain diseases
Term
deficiency in folic acid
Definition
neural tube defects, mandatory folate enrichment of cereal products
Term
older fathers
Definition
highest risk of congenital heart defects, neural tube defects, and kidney problems
-risk factor for schizophrenia
Term
perinatal environment
Definition
environment surrounding birth
Term
perinatologist
Definition
maternal-fetal specialist
Term
support during childbirth
Definition
shortens labor reduces need for pain medication
Term
first stage of labor
Definition
-contractions to when the cervix is dilated
-lasts an average of 9 hrs for firstborn children to 4-6 hrs for later-born children
Term
second stage of labor
Definition
when the baby is pushed through vagina
-this can take about 1 hr for first baby and 15 to 20 minutes for second baby
Term
third stage of labor
Definition
delivery of placenta which lasts only a few minutes
Term
anoxia
Definition
oxygen shortage
-can cause seizures, heart rate problems, breathing difficulties, poor reflexes
-can cause cerebral palsy in extreme cases
-mild anoxia can result in irritable babies or delays in cognitive or motor function
Term
breech presentation
Definition
feet or butt first in babies
Term
cerebral palsy
Definition
neurological disability; difficulty controlling muscle movements, speech, learning and intellectual disabilties
Term
c sections optimal window
Definition
39-40 weeks; earlier can result in still birth or respsiratory issues
Term
sedatives during birth
Definition
-irritable baby, doesnt smile at much, sluggish, difficult to feed
-cross the placenta while a lot of other drugs dont like spinal blocks and epidurals
Term
epidurals
Definition
longer labor times, increased need to forceps or vacuum assistance
Term
oxytocin and delivery
Definition
can speed up labor
Term
moms in kenya
Definition
lots of social support, father stops hunting, placenta buried in goat encolsure and baby is washed w cold water and given hot ask and bioled herbs so it will vomite amniotic fluid it has swallowed
-mothers go into seclusion for 1 month and spend time w just baby for 3 months
Term
childbirth in india
Definition
-viewed as shameful, blood is polluting
-a dai is hired by mother in law to aid in birth, rude
-baby is "polluted" so hair is shaved off,mother kept in family compound for days
Term
childbirth in Namibia
Definition
-giving childbirth alone is considered to be a strength
Term
children of mothers who have postpartum depression
Definition
-less securely attached
-respond negatively when approached by another child

-when they are older, anger management problems, attention problems, and hyperactive behavior
-elevated levels of cortisol
Term
couvade
Definition
bloating, weight gain, fatigue, insomnia, and nausea in men during pregnancy
Term
neonatal
Definition
the events of the first month and how parents might optimize the development of young infants
Term
Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment scale
Definition
assess the strength of infant reflexes and the infants responses to 26 situations
-helps teach parents to understand their babies as individuals
Term
health benefits of breastfeeding
Definition
-fewer ear infections, respiratory tract problems, lower risk for ovarian cancer and breast cancer for mom
-help immune system and weight gain
Term
Apgar test
Definition
quick assessment of the newborns heart rate, respiration, color, muscle ton, and reflexes
-rated on a scale of 0-2 and added: scores of 7 or higher are good
-4 or lower are at risk
Term
leading cause for infant mortality
Definition
prematurity
Term
at risk for low birth weight
Definition
-low economic status, african, higher order multiples
Term
low birth weight risks
Definition
neurobehavioral problems, blindness, deafness, cerebral palsy, poor academic achievement, autism, and health problems, respiratory issues
Term
surfacant
Definition
a substance that prevents the air sacs of the lungs from sticking together and aid breathing
Term
kangaroo care
Definition
resting on mothers chest skin to skin to help maintain body temp, heart rate, and oxygen levels in the blood
-can hear mothers heart beat
-mimics environment in womb
-better quiet sleep and more alert wakefulness
Term
massaging premature babies
Definition
-increases efficiency of digestive system
-gain weight
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