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Details Title: Chapter 4 Description: Carbohydrates Total Flash Cards: 82 Created: 10/13/2006 16:51:45	To study from this set of flash cards, or to create your own your own study flash cards, register HERE. If you are already a registered user, CLICK HERE.
Cards Term what are the six major classes of nutrients Definition vitamins, water minerals carbs fats and proteins Term break up the six classes of nutrients into organic and inorganic categories Definition organic-carbs, fat protein vitamins inorganic-minerals and water Term which are the energy yielding nutrients Definition carbs fats and proteins Term what do vitamins water and minerals do Definition facilitate reactions in the body Term define the science of nutrition Definition the study of the nutrients and other substances in foods and the bodies handling of them Term what are the foundation sciences of nutrition Definition biology biochemistry and physiology Term identify methods for assessing nutrient status Definition historical info, anthropometric measurements, physical exam and lab tests Term what are the ten leading causes of death in the US Definition heart disease, cancer, stroke, chronic lung disease, accidents, diabetes mellitus, pneumonia/influenza, alzeimers disease, kidney disease, and blood infections Term what are the diet planning principles as they as apply to food selections Definition adequacy, balance, kcalorie (energy)control, nutrient desity, moderation, variety Term what are the ten dietary guidelines for americans Definition aim for a healthy weight, be physically active every day, let the pyramid guide your food choices, choose a variety of grains daily, choose a variety of fruits and vegetables daily, keep foods safe to eat, low in cholesterol and moderate in total fat, intake of sugar, less salt, alcoholic beverages to a minimum Term what is the main goal for healthy people 2010 Definition focus on improving the quality of life and eliminating disparity in health among racial and ethnic groups Term what are the food group plans (11) Definition daily food guide, notable nutrients, miscellaneous foods, mixtures of foods, nutrient density, recommended servings, serving sizes, food guide pyramid, vegetarian food guide, ethnic food choices, and perceptions vs actual intakes Term what is the function of exchange list Definition help in achieving kcal control and moderation (originally for diabetics) Term what are the four components of the food label Definition ingredients, serving sizes, nutrition facts and daily values Term what is the difference between the food guide pyramid for meat eaters, vegetarians and vegans Definition vegetarians have the meat section replaced with legumes and soy products, the vegan one also has the dairy section replaced with fortified dairy replacements Like soy milk Term how does the healthy eating index work Definition awards ten points per category for a total of 100 points. (categories are: total fat, saturated fat, cholesterol, sodium, variety, grains, vegetables/fruits, dairy, meat, and fats/oils Term exchange lists sort food according to Definition thier energy nutrient content Term quick fuel nutrients Definition carbs Term building block nutrients Definition proteins Term provides calories and carries vitamins Definition lipids? Term activates chemical reactions Definition vitamins Term nutrient needed in the greatest quantity Definition water Term what is the primary energy source for the brain Definition glucose Term how does the body store glucose Definition as glycogen Term what are simple carbohydrates Definition sugars (monosaccharides and disaccharides) Term what are six examples of simple carbs Definition glucose, fructose, galactose, maltose, sucrose and lactose Term what are complex carbs Definition starches (polysaccharides) Term three examples of complex carbs Definition glycogen, starch and fibers Term what is the component present in all disaccharides Definition glucose Term what is the chemical reactions needed to make a disaccharide Definition condensation (an anabolic reaction that also produces and water molecule) Term what disaccharide is common in milk sugar Definition lactose Term what is the sweetest disaccharide Definition fructose Term what foods naturally contain fructose Definition fruits Term where is glycogen stored Definition liver or muscle cells Term what is the richest source of starch Definition grains Term what is the primary goal of carb digestion Definition to dismantle them into smaller molecuels (glucose) that the body can absorb and use Term starch digestion begins Definition in the mouth Term enzyme that breaks down the starch Definition amylase (salivary and pancreatic) Term what happens to the starch in the stomach t Definition the bolus is mixed with stomach acid and other protein digesting enzymes which inactivate the salivary amylase (fibers linger in the stomach and delay stomach emptying) Term most carb digetstion occurs in the Definition small intestine Term which enzyme is released into the small intestine Definition pancreatic amylase Term name the enzymes that break down maltose, lactose, and sucrose Definition maltase, lactase and sucrase Term what do disaccharides provide the body with Definition energy Term what organ is responsible for converting fructose and galactose into glucose Definition the liver Term what is the function of resistance starch Definition fiber, which attracts water to the intestine, softening the stool for excretion Term where does most nutrient absoption happen Definition in the small intestine Term people who are lactose intolerant lack what enzyme Definition lactase Term what percentage of adults maintain enough lactase to continue digesting lactose normally throughout adulthood Definition thirty Term what are the symptoms of lactose intolerance Definition bloating, gas, diarrhea, abdominal pain Term what causes the symptoms Definition lactose stays in the intestines undigested. it attracts water which gives you dirrhea and also is food for bacteria, which release gas and acid Term what populations have the lowest incidence of lactose intolerance? Definition scandinavians and N. europeans Term highest percentage? Definition native americans and SE asian Term how does the liver respond when the glucose levels are high Definition links excess glucose by condensation reactions into glycogen Term how does the liver respond when glucose levels are low Definition dismantles glycogen by hydrolysis reactions into glucose which is then released into the bloodstream Term where and in what amounts in glycogen stored Definition one third in your liver cells, the rest in muscle cells Term gluconeogenesis Definition the conversion of protein to glucose Term protein-sparing action Definition the role of carbs that prevents the breakdown of protein into glucose Term under what circumstances are ketone bodies made Definition when there are less carbs providing glucose to meet the bodies needs (starvation) Term how much carb is needed to prevent ketosis Definition 50-100 grams per day Term what happens to carbs that aren't used immediately and aren't converted into glycogen Definition liver breaks it into smaller molecules and puts them together into a more permenant energy storage-fats Term homeostasis Definition the body must maintain blood glucose levels within limits that premit cells to nourish themselves Term when glucose levels are low you feel Definition dizzy and weak Term when glucose levels are high you feel Definition fatigue Term two hormones that regulate blood glucose levels Definition insulin and glucagon Term as glucose levels rise Definition insulin contacts the receptors on the bodys other cells. the receptors respond by ushering glucose from the blood into the cells Term as glucose levels fall Definition glucagon signals liver to dismantle glycogen stores and release glucose into bloodstream Term what role does epinenephrone play in blood glucose levels Definition hormone that calls glucose form the liver during a fight or flight response Term what are two condtitions that occur when glucose regulation fails Definition diabetes (type one and two) Term diabetes type one Definition pancreas doesn't produce insulin Term type two Definition cells no longer respond and don't release insulin Term hypoglycemia Definition blood glucose levels drop dramaticall (usually a result of poorly managed diabetes) Term the glycemic response is based on Definition how quickly glucose is absorbed after eating, how high blood glucose levels rise, how quickly it returns to normal Term desirable glucose response Definition low (slow absorption, modest rise, smooth return to normal) Term undesirable response Definition high (fat absorption,surge in glucose levels and an overreaction that plunges glucose below normal) Term what are the two bases for controvery over the glycemic index Definition not enough scientific evidence and its not on food labels Term two ways sugar is detrimental to your health Definition contributes to nutrient deficientcy and tooth decay Term does too much sugar cause obesity Definition not directly, although excess energy intake does Term does sugar increase chance of heart disease Definition only in people who produce too much insulin, leading to an increase in fat Term does sugar cause hyperactivity Definition not proven Term does sugar cause cravings and addictions Definition maybe, it raises the levels of sertonin in your brain, which elevates your mood Term how much sugar is recommended per day Definition 500 kcals/125 grams (no more than 25% of total) Term how much added sugar do americans eat per day/year Definition 105 pounds per year/30 t per day