Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 42
Sensory Systems
45
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/11/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Sensory Receptors
Definition
neuron endings or specialized receptor cells in close contact with neurons
Term
Sense Organs
Definition
sensory receptors and accessory cells
Term
What is the function of sensory receptors?
Definition
-Absorb energy
-Transduce energy into electrical energy (energy transduction)
-Produce receptor potentials(membrane de/hyperpolarization):
a graded response
Term
What are the 4 steps of sensory processing?
Definition
-Reception
-Energy transduction
-Transmission
-Integration
Term
Sensory Adaptation
Definition
Sensory receptors send coded signals to CNS through sensory neurons

Decrease in frequency of action potentials in a sensory neuron

Decreases response to stimulus even when stimulus is maintained
Term
Sensory Perception
Definition
-process of selecting, interpreting and organizing sensory information
-brain interprets sensations by converting them to perceptions of stimuli
Term
How are sensory receptors classified?
Definition
According to the location of stimuli to which they respond

According to the types of energy they transduce
Term
What are the sensory receptors that are classified by location of stimuli?
Definition
Exteroceptors:
-receive stimuli from outside environment

Interoceptors:
-detect changes within the body
-changes in pH, osmotic pressure, body temp, chemical composition of blood
Term
What are the sensory receptors that are classified by type of energy?
Definition
Thermoreceptors
Electroreceptors
Nociceptors(Pain reception):
Mechanoreceptors:
Chemoreceptors:
Photoreceptors:
Term
Thermoreceptors
Definition
Respond to heat and cold
Term
Electroreceptors
Definition
Sense differences in electrical potential

Some electromagnetic receptors can detect Earth's magnetic field
Term
Nociceptors
Definition
Mechanical, temperature, and other damaging stimuli
Term
Mechanoreceptors
Definition
Touch, pressure, gravity, stretching, movement
Term
Chemoreceptors
Definition
Respond to certain chemical compounds
Term
Photoreceptors
Definition
Transduce light energy
Term
What are the functions of thermoreceptors?
Definition
Some parasites use to find an endothermic host

Some animals use to locate endothermic prey

In Endothermic animals provide cues about body temperature
Term
What are the functions of electroreceptors?
Definition
Used by predatory fish to detect prey
-respond to stimuli
Term
What is the function of electromagnetic receptors?
Definition
Detect Earths magnetic field

Some animals orient by magnetic fields

Migratory animals navigate by magnetic fields
Term
What is the function of nociceptors?
Definition
Pain receptors:
Free nerve endings of certain sensory neurons
Respond to:
strong tactile stimuli
temp extremes
certain chemicals
Term
Action of mechanoreceptors?
Definition
Transduce mechanical energy
-allow animals to feel, hear, maintain balance
-activated by shape change (push or pull)
Respond to:
touch, pressure, gravity, stretch, movement
Term
Tactile receptors
Definition
Touch receptors in skin

Respond to:
displacement of hairs
displacement of receptor cells themselves
Pacinian corpuscle:
-responds to touch and pressure
Term
Action of Proprioceptors?
Definition
Allow animal to perceive body orientation and positions of its parts
-muscle spindles
-golgi tendon organs
-joint receptors
Respond to:
tension, movement
Term
What are statocysts?
Definition
An invertebrate sense organ containing one or more granules (statoliths); senses gravity and motion.
Term
What is the structure of a statocyst?
Definition
In many invertebrates
Chamber:
-lined with mechanoreceptors
-containing statoliths(granules of sand or calcium carbonate that change position as animal moves)
Term
How do statoliths function?
Definition
As they move
-sensory hairs bend
-sensory cells are stimulated

-Mechanical displacement results is receptor potentials and action potentials which inform CNS of change in position
Term
Vertebrate hair cells
Definition
Detect movement
Found in
-lateral line of fish
-vestibular apparatus
-semicircular canals
-cochlea
Each cells has:
-single kinocilium
-sterocilia(microvilli containing actin filaments)
Term
Lateral line organs
Definition
Supplement vision in fish and some amphibians

Inform animal of moving objects or objects in its path
Term
Vertebrate inner ear
Definition
Consists of a labyrinth of fluid-filled chambers and canals, it helps maintain equilibrium
Term
Vestibular apparatus
Definition
In upper part of labyrinth

Contains saccule, utricle, semicircular canals
Term
Otoliths
Definition
In saccule and utricle

Change position when:
-head is tilted
-body is moving in a straight line

Stimulate hair cells that signal brain
-enable animal to perceive direction of gravity
Term
Semicircular canals
Definition
Inform brain about turning movements

Clumps of hair cells(cristae) located within each bulblike enlargement (ampulla)

Cristae are stimulated by movements of endolymph(fluid that fills each canal)
Term
Organ of Corti
Definition
Within the cochlea

Contains auditory receptors in terrestrial vertebrates
Term
Where are auditory receptors contained in vertebrates?
Definition
The organ of Corti
Term
Taste receptor cells
Definition
In vertebrates- Specialized epithelial cells in taste buds
Term
Olfactory Epithelium
Definition
Specialized olfactory cells

Axons extend to brain:
-olfactory nerve fibers
Term
Signal Transduction
Definition
Process involving a G protein

Initiated when a molecule binds with a receptor on a:
-taste receptor cell
-olfactory receptor cell
Term
Vomeronasal Organ
Definition
Receptors in nasal epithelium of mammals

Detects pheromones
-small volatile signaling molecules released by animals
Term
What is the function of photoreceptors?
Definition
Transduce light energy

Serve as sensory receptors in eyespots and eyes
Term
Eyespots (Ocelli)
Definition
Detect light, but do not form images in cnidarians and flatworms
Term
Human Eye
Definition
Light:
-enters through the cornea
-is focused by the lens
-produces an image on the retina
-amount of light entering is regulated by the iris
Term
What structures function in the retina?
Definition
Rods
-function in dim light
-form images in black and white
Cones:
-function in bright light
-permit color vision
Bipolar Cells:
-send signals to ganglion cells
Term
What do horizontal cells in the retina do?
Definition
Receive signals from rods and cones

Send signals to bipolar cells
Term
How do Amacrine cells function in the retina?
Definition
Receive signals from bipolar cells

Send signals back to bipolar cells and ganglion cells
Term
How does your eye function in the dark?
Definition
Ion channels in plasma membrane of rod cells are open

Cells are depolarized, release glutamate

Membranes of bipolar cells are hyperpolarized, do not send signals
Term
Describe Signal Transduction in the Eye
Definition
No Content
Supporting users have an ad free experience!