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Chapter 40
Basic principles of animal form and function-From Professor's notes not from book.
57
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/01/2012

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Term
Fibroblasts
Definition
Secrete Proteins in Connective Tissue that make up Extracellular Matrix
Term
Macrophages
Definition
Phagocytize debris and dead cells.
Term
Extracellular Matrix
Definition

Made up of protein fivers plus liquid, jelly or solid substance.

This is part of the Connective tissue system.

Term
Protein Fibers
Definition

3 types

1.) Collagenous fibers: nonelastic, provide strength.

2.)Elastic fibers: gives tissue elastic properties.

3.) Reticular fibers: joins connective tissues with surrounding tissues. 

Term
Loose Connective Tissue
Definition

Weaves together epithelia and other tissues.

Acts as packing material between organs

Term
Cartilage
Definition
  • Provides strength but flexibility
  • Unlike bone,  not mineralized 
  •  Can cushion joints
Term
3.) Fiberious Connective Tissue
Definition
Found in tendons and ligaments
Term
4.) Adipose tissue
Definition
  • Stores Fat
  • Pads and insulates body
  • Fuel Source
Term
5.) Bone
Definition
  • Mineralized connective tissue
  • Provides support and protection for the body.
Term
6.) Blood
Definition
Plasma(extracellular matrix)+ blood cells.
Term
Platelets
Definition
Aid in clotting
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
White blood cells that function in defense.
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
Red blood cells that carry oxygen.
Term
Muscle Tissue
Definition

Characteristics: Made of long cells called muscle fibers (actin and myosin)

Functions: Contraction of musclefibers allows movement. 

Term
1.) Skeletal Muscle
Definition
  • Attached to bones by tendons.
  • Striated appearance
  •  Function: voluentary body movements.
Term
2.) Cardiac Muscle
Definition

Forms Contractile wall of the heart

  • Striated
  •  Function: Heart contraction 
Term

3.) Smooth Muscle

 

Definition

Found in the walls of organs

Non-striated, spindle shaped.

Function:involuntary body movements. 

Term
Nervous tissue
Definition

Composed of cells called neurons and glial cells

  • sense stimuli
  • transmit information
  • Coordinate responses
  • Common location: Brain, spinal cord, nerves
Term
Neurons
Definition
Recive messages from neurons and transmit impulses to neurons, muscles, or other cells
Term
Glia
Definition
nourish, insulate and replenish neurons.
Term
Membrane potential
Definition

Drives cellular processes

  • Signaling between cells
  • Muscle contraction
Term
How organisms answer these challenges is constrained by physical and chemical laws.
Definition

Body size influences physiological processes

  • Surface to volume ratio
  • this affects diffusion of molecules.
Term
How organisms answer these challenges is constrained by physical and chemical laws.
Definition
Termperature affects physiological processes
Term
Surface to volume ratio
Definition

Affects diffusion of molecules

  • More complex organisms have Highly folded internal structures
  •  increases effective surface area for diffusion.
Term
Regulators
Definition
Use internal control mechanisms to maintain internal conditions even when internal conditions vary.
Term
Metabolic Rate
Definition
The Sum of all the energy used in biochemical ractions over a given time interval.
Term
Glucose
Definition
Cellular Fuel
Term
Convection
Definition
Heat transfer due to air or liquid movement.
Term
Chief Cells
Definition
Secrete Pepsinogen (inactive digestive enzyme)
Term
Incomplete Digestive System
Definition
Food and waste enters/exits through the same opening.
Term
Complete Digestive Systems
Definition
Food Moves Unidirectionally
Term
Elastic Fibers
Definition

Gives tissue elastic properties

(Connective tissue I think)

Term
Neurons
Definition
Receive messages from neurons and transmit impulses to neurons, muscles or other cells
Term
Vasodilation
Definition
Increase in diameter of blood vessels near skin surface.
Term
Vasoconstriction
Definition
Decrease in diameter of blood vessels near skin surface.
Term
Peristalsis
Definition
Rhythmic smooth muscle contractions move food along intestinal tract.
Term
Sphincters
Definition
Regulate movement of substances between chambers.
Term
Fat
Definition
Storage molecule produced if no more glycogen can be stored.
Term
Protonephridia
Definition
Series of dead end tubules
Term
Systolic Pressure
Definition
The pressure in the artery when the ventricle contracts during ventricular systole.
Term
Double Circulation
Definition
Powerful Flow enables distribution of gases and nutrients.
Term
Energy Balance
Definition
All animals must balance heat gain and loss
Term
Osmoregulation 
Definition
Homeostatic control of internal solute concentrations and balance water gain/loss.
Term
Endotherm
Definition
uses metabolic heat to maintain body temperature.
Term
Exctotherms
Definition
Body temperature regulated by external environment.
Term
Standard metabolic rate
Definition

Resting metabolic rate in ectotherms

-Measured at a specific temperature.

Term
Basal metabolic rate
Definition
Resting metabolic rate in endotherms.
Term
What factors influence metabolic rate?
Definition
1.) Size, smaller organisms have higher metabolic rates.
Term
What factors influence metabolic rate?
Definition

2.) Energy use "strategy"

-Endotherms vs ectotherms

Term
What factors influence metabolic rate?
Definition

3.) Activity

-increases with skeletal muscle activity.

Term
What factors influence metabolic rate?
Definition

4.) Temperature

  • Ectotherms-increases with temperature.
  • Endotherms- Increases with deviation in temperature.
Term
What factors influence metabolic rate?
Definition

5.) Eating and digesting food

6.) Growth rate

7.) Reproductive state

8.) Environmental Stress

Term
Thermoregulation
Definition
Maintain internal body temperatures within tolerable range.
Term
Radiation
Definition
All objects warmer than absolute zero give off electromagnetic waves.
Term
Evaporation
Definition
Some heat is lost with water vapor.
Term
Conduction
Definition
Direct transfer of heat between objects in direct contact.
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