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Chapter 40
Form & Function
36
Chemistry
Undergraduate 2
04/18/2013

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Term
Anatomy
Definition
- structure of organism
Term
physiology
Definition
- processes and and functions or an organism
Term
tissues
Definition
- groups of cells with similar appearance and a common function
Term
organs
Definition
- when different types of tissues are further organized into functional units
Term
organ systems
Definition
- groups of organs that work together to provide add'l level of organization and coordination
Term
epithelial tissues
Definition
- cover outside the body and line organs & cavities within the body
Term
cubodial epithelial
Definition
- dice shaped, specialized in secretion, makes up the kidney tubules that include the the thyroid gland and salivary glands
Term
simple columnar
Definition
- large brick shaped cells, happens where secretion or active absorption is important. they line intestines, secreting digestive juices and absorbing nutrients
Term
simple squamous
Definition
- single layer,of platelike cells that form a simple squamous epithelium functions in exchange of material by diffusion of nutrients of gases is critical
Term
Pseudostratified
Definition
- single layer of cells varying in height, in vertebrates a pseudostratified epithelium of ciliated cells forms a mucous membrane that lines portions of the respiratory tract the beating cilia sweep the mucus along the surface
Term
stratified squamous
Definition
- multilayered & regenerates fastly, commonly found on surfaces subject to abrasion such as the outer skin and the linings of the mouth, anus and vagina
Term
loose connective
Definition
- binds epithelia to to underlying tissues and holds organs in place
- loose weave of fibers which include all 3 types
- found in skin and through out most of body
Term
fibrous connective
Definition
- dense w/ collegenous fibers, it is found in tendons which attach muscle to bones and in ligaments which attach bones to joints
Term
bone
Definition
- minneralized connective tissue
- oseteoblasts deposit a matrix of collagen
- calcium, magnesium & phosphate ions combine into a hard mineral within the matrix
- repeating units of osteons
Term
adipose
Definition
- specialized loose connective tissue that stores fat
- insulates and stores fuel as fat molecules
Term
blood
Definition
- liquid extracellular matrix called the plasma, consists of water, salts dissolved in proteins
- suspeneded are erythrocytes (rbc) &leukocytes (wbc) & cell fragments called platelets,rbc carry oxygen, wbc function in defense, platlets aid in blood clotting
Term
cartilage
Definition
- contains collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carb complex called chondroitin sulfate
- chondrocyte cells secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate which together make cartilage that is strong yet flexible support material
- skeletons of many vertebrae embryos contain cartilage that is replaced by bone as the embryo matures
- cart. remains in some locations such as disk that act as cushions between vertebrae
Term
muscle tissue
Definition
- responsible for nearly all types of body movement
- cells cntain filaments containing protiens of actin & myosin which help muscles contract
Term
skeletal muscle
Definition
- attached to bones by tendons, striated muscle
- responsible for voluntary movements
- bundles of long cells
- multiple nuclei
Term
smooth
Definition
- lacks striations
- found in walls of digestive tract, urinary bladder, arteries, & other internal organs
- spindle shaped responsible for involuntary body activites ex: churning of stomach and constriction of arteries
Term
cardiac muscle
Definition
- forms contractile wall of heart
- striated like skeletal muscle has similar contractile properties
- has fibers that interconnect via intercalated disks which relay signals from cell to cell to synchronize heart contraction
Term
neuron
Definition
- nerve cells transmit nerve impulses as well as support cells called glial cells
Term
glial cells
Definition
- various types of glia help nourish, insulate, & replenish nerons , help modulate neuron function
- help support, regulate, & augment functions of neurons
Term
axons
Definition
- what neurons transmit impulses to other neurons with
Term
homrmones
Definition
- signaling molecules boradcast through out body by endocrine system
Term
regulator
Definition
- organism that uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuation
Term
conformer
Definition
- allows internal condition to change in acccordance with external changes
Term
stimulus
Definition
- detected by a receptor
Term
response
Definition
- from control center CNS
Term
thermoregulation
Definition
- animals maintain internal temperature in tolerable range
Term
endothermic
Definition
- birds & mammals
- warmed mostly by heat generated by metabolism
Term
ectothermic
Definition
- amphibians
- gain most of their heat from external forces
Term
homeotherm
Definition
- relatively constant body temp
Term
poikilotherm
Definition
- body temp varies w/ enviroment
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
- acts as thermostat in mammalian regu. of body temp.
Term
metabolic rate
Definition
- the amount of energy an animal uses in a unit of time
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