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Chapter 3 Vocab
Chapter 3 Vocab
30
Biology
Undergraduate 1
10/07/2012

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Term
Condensation Reaction
Definition
a chemical process by which 2 molecules are joined together to make a larger, more complex, molecule, with the loss of water
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
A reaction that breaks a bond by the addition of water.
Term
Denaturation
Definition
The loss of the native configuration of a protein or nucleic acid as a result of excessive heat, extremes of pH, chemical modification, or changes in solvent ionic strength or polarity that disrupt hydrophobic interactions.
Term
Amino Acid
Definition
The subunit structure from which proteins are produced consistion of a central carbon atom with a carboxyl group (-COOH), an amino group (-NH2), a hydrogen and a side group (R group).
Term
Protein
Definition
A chain of amino acids joined by peptide bonds.
Term
Fibrous Protein
Definition
are elongated molecules in which the secondary structure (either a-helices or b-pleated sheets) forms the dominant structure. Fibrous proteins are insoluble, and play a structural or supportive role in the body, and are also involved in movement (as in muscle and ciliary proteins).
Term
Globular Protein
Definition
a highly diverse group of proteins that are soluble and form compact spheroidal molecules in water. All have tertiary structure and some have quaternary structure in addition to secondary structure.
Term
Enzyme
Definition
a protein that is capable of speeding up specific chemical reations by loering the required activation energy.
Term
Polypeptide Chain
Definition
A molecule consistion of many joined amono acids, not as complex as a protein.
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
an organic compound consisting of a chain or ring of carbon atoms to which hydrogen and oxygen atoms are attached in a ratio of aproximately 2:1; having the generalized formula CH2O. Examples include sugars starch glycogen and cellulose.
Term
Monosaccharide
Definition
A simple sugar that cannot be decomposed into smaller sugar molecules.
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
A carbohydrate formed of two simple sugar molecules bonded covalently.
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
A carbohydrate composed of many monosaccharide sugar subunits linked together in a long chain. Examples are glycogen starch and cellulose.
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Animal starch; a complex branched polysaccharide that serves as a food reserve in animals bacteria and fungi.
Term
Cellulose
Definition
The chief constituent of the cell wall in all green plants some algae and a few other organisms, an insoluble complex carbohydrate formed of microfibrils of glucose molecules.
Term
Oligosaccharide
Definition
A saccharide polymer containing a small number of monosaccharides.
Term
Glyceride
Definition
a group of esters obtained from glycerol by the replacement of one, two, or three hydroxyl groups with a fatty acid: the principal constituent of adipose tissue.
Term
Diglyceride
Definition
an ester obtained from glycerol by the esterification of two hydroxyl groups with fatty acids.
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
An individual fat molecule composed of a glycerol and three fatty acids.
Term
Fatty Acid
Definition
long-chain hydrocarbons with a carboxylic acid at one end, one of the molecules that builds lipids
Term
Wax
Definition
  any of various viscous or solid materials of natural origin: characteristically lustrous, insoluble in water, and having a low softening temperature, they consist largely of esters of fatty acids
Term
Lipid
Definition
A nonpolar hydrophobic organic molecule tha is insoluble in water but dissolves readily in nonpolar organic solvents. Includes fats oils waxes steroids hospholipids and carotenoids.
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
Similar in structure to a fat but having only two fatty acids attached to the glycrol backbone with the third space linked to a phosphorylated molecule; contains a polar hydrophilic "head" and a nonpolar hydrophilic "tail" end.
Term
Sterol and Steroids
Definition
refer to chemical molecules that share a common chemical ring stricture. There are many that are important in health and medicine, and some that may be used as medications. Some are called hormones. Hormones are chemicals that are made in the brain, kidneys, or sex organs but carry a signal to other cells in the body to change the way that part of the body is working.
Term
Nucleic Acid
Definition
A nucleoide polymer; chief types are deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) which is double stranded and ribonucleic acid (RNA) which is typically single stranded.
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
A single unit of nucleic acid, composed of a phosphate a five carbon sugar and a purine or a pyrimidine.
Term
Coenzyme
Definition
A nonprotein organic molecule such as NAD that plays an accessory role in enzyme catalyzed processes, often by acting as a donor or acceptor of electrons.
Term

ATP

adenosine triphosphate

Definition
 a nucleotide found in the mitochondria of all plant and animal cells. It is the major source of energy for cellular reactions, this energy being released during its conversion to ADP. Formula: C 10 H 16 N 5 O 13 P 3
Term
DNA
Definition
The genetic material of all organisms; composed of two complementary chains of nucleotides wound in a double helix.
Term
RNA
Definition
A class of nucleic acids characterized by the presence of the sugar ribose and the pyrimidine uracil
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