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Chapter 3: Cell
Chapter 3 Power Point
97
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/12/2011

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Term
Cell Theory
Definition
Cell is the basic structural and functional unit of life
Organismal activity depends on individual and collective activity of cells
Biochemical activities of cells are dictated by subcellular structure
Continuity of life has a cellular basis
Term
Cell functions
Definition
Connect body parts, form linings, or transport gases. Bells that move organs and body parts. Cells that stores nutrients. Cells that fight diseases. Cells that gathers information and controls body functions. Cells of reproductions
Term
Basic parts of a Huan cell
Definition
Plasma membrane-flexible outer boundary
Cytoplasm- intracellular fluid containing organelles
Nucleus: control center
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Separates intracellular fluids from extracellular fluids
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Plays a dynamic role in cellular activity
Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
Glycocalyx is a glycoprotein area abutting the cell that provides highly specific biological markers by which cells recognize one another
Term
Fluid Mosaic Model
Definition
Double bilayer of lipids with imbedded dispersed proteins
Bilayer consists of phospholipids, cholesterol, and glycolipids.
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
Lipids bound within Carbohydrates
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Hydrophobic and hydrophillic bypoles
Term
Functions of Membrane Proteins
Definition
Transport, Enzymatic Activity, Receptors for signal transduction, Intercellular adhesion, Cell-cell recognition, attachment to cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix
Term
Plasma membrane surfaces
Definition
Differ in the kind and amount of lipids they contain, fluidity
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
Found only in the outer membrane surface
Term
Plasma membrane rigidity
Definition
20% of all membrane lipid is cholesterol
Term
Membrane Junctions: Tight Junction
Definition
Impermeable junction that encircles the cell
Term
Membrane Junction: Desmosome
Definition
Anchoring junction scattered along the sides of the cells
Term
Membrane Junction: Gap Junction
Definition
A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion
Definition
Simple diffusion - non polar and lipid-soluble substances. Diffuse directly through the lipid bilayer. Diffuse through channel proteins
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Diffusion
Definition
Facilitated diffusion: Transport of glucose, amino acids, and ions. Transported substances bind carrier proteins or pass through protein channels
Term
Carrier proteins
Definition
Integral transmembrane proteins. SHow specificity for certain polar molecules including sugars and amino acids
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis
Definition
Occurs when the concentration of a solvent is different on opposite sides of a membrane
Term
Passive Membrane Transport: Osmosis
Definition
Water diffuses through plasma membranes, through the lipid bilayer, through watter channels called aquaporins (AQP's)
Term
Osmolarity
Definition
Total concentration of solute particles in a solution
Term
Tonicity
Definition
How a solution affects cell volume
Term
Isotonic
Definition
Solutions with the same solute concentration as that of the cytosol
Term
Hypertonic
Definition
solutions have greater solute concentration that that of the cell. cell shrinks
Term
Hypotonic
Definition
Solutions having lesser solute concentration than that of the cytosol. Expansion
Term
Active Transport: Basics
Definition
Uses ATP to move solutes across a membrane. Requires carrier proteins.
Term
Active Transport: Systems
Definition
Symport System, Antiport System
Term
Symport System
Definition
two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction.
Term
antiport system
Definition
two substances are moved across a membrane in opposite directions
Term
Active transport
Definition
Primary active transport, secondary active transport
Term
Primary Active Transport
Definition
Hydrolysis of ATP phosphorylates the transport protein causing conformation change
Term
Secondary active transport
Definition
Use of an exchange pump (such as the NA+-K+ pump) indirectly to drive the transport of other solutes
Term
Vesicular Transport
Definition
Transport of large particles and macromolecules across plasma membranes via exocytosis and endocytosis
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
Moves substance from the cell interior to the extracellular space
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Enables large particles and macromolecules to enter the cell via Clathrin coated pits
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Fluid-phase endocytosis-plasma membrane infolds, bringing extracellular fluid and solutes into interior of the cell
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Cells "gulps" drops of extracellular fluid containing solutes into tiny vesicles. No receptors are used, so the process is non specific. Most vesicles are protein coated
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Pseudopods engulfs solids and bring them into the cell's interior
Term
Receptor mediated endocytosis
Definition
Calthrin-coated pits provide the main route for endocytosis and transcytosis
Term
Vesicular trafficking
Definition
Moving substances from one area in the cell to another
Term
Non-clathrin-coated vesicles
Definition
Caveolae that are platforms for a variety of signaling molecules
Term
Membrane Potential
Definition
Voltage across a membrane. Resting membrane potential - where K+ potential is balanced by the membrane potential
Term
Membrane Potential: Resting
Definition
Ranges from -20 to -200 mV. Results from Na+ and K+ concentrations gradients across the membrane. Differential permeability of the plasma membrane to Na+ and K+.
Term
Membrane Potential: Steady State
Definition
Maintained by active transport of ions
Term
Cell Adhesion Molecules
Definition
Anchors cells to the extracellular matrix, assist in movement of cells past one another, rally protective white bloods cells to injured or infected areas
Term
Membrane receptor roles
Definition
Contact signaling, Electrical signaling, Chemical signaling, G protein-linked receptors
Term
Contact signaling
Definition
Important in normal development and immunity
Term
Electrical signaling
Definition
Voltage-regulated "ion gates" in nerve and muscle tissue
Term
Chemical signaling
Definition
Neurotransmitters bind to chemically gated channel-linked receptors in nerve and muscle tissue
Term
G protein-linked receptors
Definition
Ligands bind to a receptor which active a G protein causing the release of a second messenger, such as cyclic AMP
Term
Cytoplasm: Components
Definition
Cytoplasm, cytosol, cytoplasmic organelles, inclusions
Term
Cytoplasm: What is it?
Definition
Material between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Term
Cytosol
Definition
Largely water with dissolved protein, salts, sugars, and other solutes
Term
Cytoplasmic organelles
Definition
Metabolic machinery of the cell
Term
Inclusions
Definition
chemical substances such as glycogen granules and pigment. Presence depends on cell type
Term
Cytoplasmic organelles
Definition
Specialized cellular compartments, Membranous, nonmembranous
Term
Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles: What are they?
Definition
Mitochondira, peroxisomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, and golgi apparatus
Term
Non-Membranous Cytoplasmic Organelles: What are they?
Definition
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and ribosomes
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Double membrane structure with shelf-like cristae. Provide most of the cell's ATP via aerobic cellular respiration. Contain their own DNA and RNA. Inherited from mother. Can be used to trace ancestry
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Definition
Interconnected tubes and parallel membranes enclosing cisternae. Continuous with the nuclear membrane.
Term
Smooth ER
Definition
Tubules arranged in a looping network.
Catalyzes reactions in various organs of the body
Term
Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions
Definition
-Liver: lipid and cholesterol metabolism, breakdown of glycogen, and along with the kidneys, detoxification of drugs
Term
Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions
Definition
Testes: Synthesis of steroid-based hormones
Term
Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions
Definition
Intestinal cells: Absoprtion, synthesis, and transport of fats
Term
Smooth ER: Catalyzation reactions
Definition
Skeletal and cardiac muscles: storage and release of calcium
Term
Rough ER
Definition
External surface studded with ribosomes, manufactures all secreted proteins, responsible for the synthesis of integral membrane proteins and phospholipids for cell membranes
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Granules containing protein and RNA. Site of protein synthesis. Free ribosmes synthesize soluble proteins. Membrane-bound ribosomes synthesize proteins to be incorporated into membranes
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Stacked and flattened membranous sacs. Functions in modification, concentration, and packaging of proteins, transport vessels from the ER fuse with the cis face
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Proteins pass through the Golgi apparatus to the trans face, Secretory vesicles leave the trans face of the Golgi stack and move to designated parts of the cell
Term
Role of the Gogli Apparatus
Definition
1) Protein contain vesicles pinch off rough ER and migrate to fuse with membranes of Gogli apparatus.
2) Proteins are modified within the Golgi compartments
3) Proteins are then packaged within different vesicle types, depending on their ultimate destination
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Spherical membranous bags containing digestive enzymes
Term
Lysosomes: What do they digest?
Definition
Bacteria, viruses, toxins, nonfunctional organelles, bone to release Ca2+
Term
Secretory lysosomes: Where are they found?
Definition
White blood cells, immune cells, and melanocytes
Term
Endomembrane system
Definition
System of organelles that function to: Produce, store, and export biological molecules, degrade potentially harmful substances
Term
Endomembrane system includes?
Definition
Nuclear envelope, smooth and rough ER, lysosomes, vacuoles, transport vesicles, Golgi apparatus, and the plasma membrane
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Membranous sacs containing oxidases and catalases. Detoxify harmful or toxic substances. Neutralize dangerous free radicals
Term
Free radicals
Definition
highly reactive chemicals with unpaired electrons
Term
Cytoskeleton
Definition
The skeleton of the cell, dynamic, elaborate series of rods running through the cytosol, consists of microtubules, microfilaments, and intermediate filaments
Term
Microfilaments
Definition
Dynamic strands of the protein actin. Attached to the cytoplasmic side of the plasma membrane, braces and strengthens the cell surface. Attaches to CAMs and function in endocytosis and exocytosis.
7 nm wide
Term
Intermediate Filaments
Definition
Tough, insoluble fibers with high tensile strength, resist pulling forces on the cell and help form desmosomes. 10 nm wide
Term
Microtubules
Definition
Dynamic, hollow tubes made of the spherical protein tubulin. Determine the overall shape of the cell and distribution of organelles. Aids in intracellular movement
Term
Centrioles
Definition
Small barrel-shaped organelles located in the centrosome near the nucleus. Pinwheel array of nine triplets of microtubules, organize mitotic spindle during mitosis. Form the bases of cilia and flagella
Term
Cilia
Definition
Whip-lie motile cellular extensions on exposes surfaces of certain cells which move substances in one direction across cell surfaces
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin, and distinct compartments rich in specific protein sets. Gene-containing control center of the cell. COntains the genetic library with blueprints for nearly all cellular proteins. Dictates the kinds and amounts of proteins to be synthesized.
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
Selectively permeable double membrane barrier containing pores. Encloses jellylike nuceloplasm, which contains essential solutes
Term
Nuclear Envelope
Definition
Outer membrane is continuous with the rough ER and is studded w/ ribosomes. Inner membrane is lined with the nuclear lamina, which maintains the shape of the nucleus. Pore complex regulates transport of large molecules into and out of the nucleus.
Term
Nucleoli
Definition
Dark-staining spherical bodies within the nucleus. Site of ribosome production
Term
Chromatin
Definition
Threadlike strands of DNA (30%), histone proteins (60%), and RNA (10%). Arranged in fundamental units called nucleosomes. Condense into barklike bodies called chromosomes when the cell starts to divide
Term
Cell Cycle
Definition
Interphase:
-Growth (G1), Synthesis (S), Growth (G2)
Mitotic Phase
-Mitosis (divides nucleus) and Cytokinesis (divides "stuff")
Term
Interphase: G1
Definition
metabolic activity and vigorous growth
Term
Interphase: G0
Definition
Cells that permanently cease dividing
Term
Interphase: S
Definition
DNA replication
Term
Interphase: G2
Definition
preparation for division
Term
DNA replication
Definition
Helices begin unwinding from the nucleosomes, helicase untwists the double helix and exposes complementary strands, site of replication is the replication bubble, each nucleotide strand serves as a template for building a new complementary strand
Term
DNA replication
Definition
Replisome uses RNA primers to begin DNA synthesis
DNA polymerase III continues from the primer and covalently addes complementary nucleotides to the template
Term
DNA replication
Definition
DNA polymerase only works in one direction (5'-3') continuous and lagging strand is synthesized, dna ligase splices together the short segments of the discontinous strand. Two new telomeres are also snythesized. Procces is called semiconservative replication
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