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Chapter 3-5
Water Landscape, Glacial and Arid Landscapes, and Plate Tectonics
76
Science
Undergraduate 2
02/04/2013

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Term
Weathering weakens rock so it....
Definition
can be moved.
Term
What is Mass Wasting?
Definition
the movement caused by gravity and frequently helped along by water and/or over-steepened slopes.
Term
What are forms of mass wasting?
Definition
slumps, slides and flows (Debris and Earth)
Term
____also moves weathered rocks and streams erode valleys.
Definition
Water
Term
What is discharge?
Definition
The quantity of water in a stream that passes a given point in a period of time.
Term
What is base level?
Definition
The level below which a stream cannot erode.
Term
How do deltas form?
Definition
As a stream enters the relatively still waters of an ocean or lake, its velocity drops abruptly, and the resulting deposits from a delta.
Term
What are the different types of drainage patterns?
Definition
dentritic, radial, rectangular, and trellis
Term
What does a dentritc drainage pattern look like and where does it develop?
Definition
Treelike, and develops on highly uniform bedrock
Term
What does a radial drainage pattern look like and where does it develop?
Definition
hub of a wheel and develops on isolated volcanic cones or domes
Term
What does a rectangular drainage pattern look like and where does it develop?
Definition
have many right-angle bends and develop on highly jointed bedrock
Term
What does a trellis drainage pattern look like and where does it develop?
Definition
rectangular pattern in which tributary streams are nearly parallel to one another and develops in areas of alternating weak and resistant bedrock.
Term
What causes flooding?
Definition
Floods can be caused by weather (melting snow and major storms with heavy rain) or failure of a dame\ or artificial levee
Term
How do we control flood damage structurally?
Definition
Artificial levees, flood-control dams, and channelization
Term
How do we control flood damage nonstructural?
Definition
Identify high risk areas, minimize development and promote more appropriate land use
Term
What is porosity?
Definition
The volume of open spaces in rock or soil.
Term
What is permeability?
Definition
A measure of a material's ability to transmit water.
Term
What is water table?
Definition
The upper level of the saturated zone of groundwater.
Term
What is zone of saturation?
Definition
Zone where all open spaces in sediment and rock are completely filled with water.
Term
What is unsaturated zone?
Definition
The area above the water table where openings in soil, sediment, and rock are not saturated with water but filled mainly with air.
Term
What is an artesian aquifer?
Definition
applied to any situation in which groundwater rises in a well above the level where it was initially encountered.
Term
Karst topography is marked by ____
Definition
sinkholes and caves
Term
Do we have karst topography in Florida?
Definition
Yes
Term
What forces control mass wasting?
Definition
gravity, water and triggers
saturation of material with water
oversteepening of slopes
removal/ anchoring vegetation
ground vibrations from earth quakes
Term
What is the role of water in mass wasting?
Definition
saturates pore space and destroys the cohesion between particles
Term
How do gradient and discharge change from the head of a stream downstream to the mouth of a stream?
Definition
gradient- decreases
discharge- increases
Term
How does a stream transport material?
Definition
Three ways:
-Dissolved Load (in solution)
-Suspended Load (in suspension)
-Bed Load (sliding/rolling along bottom)
Term
When is transported material or alluvium deposited?
Definition
when the streams velocity decreases or the stream slows down.
Term
What are the features of the flood plain of a meandering stream?
Definition
lateral erosion caused by shifting of streams meanders produces and increasingly broader, flat valley floor covered with alluvium
Term
What is a confined aquifer?
Definition
an aquifer that has impermeable layers (aquitards) both below and above
Term
How can ground water become contaminated?Why is it sometimes difficult to detect groundwater contamination?
Definition
-sewage emanating from spetic tanks
-inadequate/ broken sewer systems
-highway salt
-fertilizers
-pesticides
-chemical/industrial materials from leaks
b. b/c water moves slow, polluted water may go undetected for a long time
Term
What is karst topography?
Definition
a topography consisting of numerous depressions called sinkholes.
Term
How do karst topography form?
Definition
1 of 2 ways:
1. limestone immediately below the soil is dissolved by downward seeping rain water that is freshly charged with carbon dioxide.
-usually not deep and characterized by relatively gentle slopes

2. roof of a cavern collapses under its own weight
-steep sided and deep
Term
A glacier is a
Definition
mass of ice that moves under its own weight and influence of gravity.
Term
What are the two types of glaciers?
Definition
Alpine glacier and ice sheets
Term
What is an Alpine glacier?
Definition
a glacier confined to a mountain valley, which in most instances had previously been a stream valley.
Term
What is an ice sheet?
Definition
a very large, thick mass of glacial ice flowing outward in all directions from one or more accumulation centers.
Term
What are the parts of a glacier?
Definition
Zone of accumulation
Zone of wastage
snowline
crevasses
Term
What is the zone of accumulation?
Definition
more snow falls each winter than melts each summer
Term
What is the zone of wastage?
Definition
all the snow from the previous winter melts along with some glacial ice
Term
Glaciers move by?
Definition
plastic flow
Term
What is a cirque?
Definition
an amphitheater-shaped basin at the head of a glaciated valley produced by frost wedging and plucking.
Term
What is arete?
Definition
a narrow knifelike ridge separating two adjacent glaciated valley.
Term
What is a horn?
Definition
a pyramid-like peak formed by glacial action in three or more cirques surrounding a mountain summit
Term
What are erosional glacial features?
Definition
arete, tarn, horn,cirques, glacial trough, and pater noster lakes
Term
What is a moraine?
Definition
layers of ridges of till
Term
What is drumlin?
Definition
a streamlined asymmetrical hill composed of glacial till. The steep side of the hill faced the direction from which the ice advanced.
Term
What is a kame?
Definition
a steep-sided hill composed of sand and gravel originating when sediment collected in openings in stagnant glacial ice
Term
What is an Esker?
Definition
sinous ridge composed largelu of sand and gravel deposited nu a stream flowing in a tunnel beneath a glacier near its terminus.
Term
What are outwash plains?
Definition
a relatively flat gentle sloping plain consisting of materials deposited by melt water streams in front of the margin of an ice sheet.
Term
What are depositional glacial features?
Definition
moraine, drumlin, kame, esker, and outwash plains
Term
What is a desert?
Definition
One of two types of dry climate; the driest of the dry climate
Term
What is wind erosion?
Definition
wind picks up, transports and deposits great quantities of fine sediment
Term
What is deflation?
Definition
is the lifting ans removal of loose material
forms:
-blowouts
-desert pavements
Term
What are loess?
Definition
deposits of thick wind blown silt, lacking visible layers, generally buff-colored, and capable of maintaining a near vertical cliff
Term
Most of the Midwest farmland is
Definition
loess
Term
In the US the ----- is windblown glacial material
Definition
loess
Term
How did the melting of last ice sheet change North America?
Definition
It created the Great Lakes
Term
What role does water play in erosional agent in arid climate?
Definition
ephemeral streams (hold water only during periods of rainfall)
Flash floods are common because runoff has no where to go
Most of the erosional work is done by water in arid climates
Term
What are dunes?
Definition
a hill or ridge of wind-deposited sand.
Term
How do dunes form?
Definition
sand grains come to rest in the wind shadows (slow moving air behind obstacle and quieter air just in front of an obstacle) accumulation continues and forms increasingly efficient wind barrier to trap sand with sufficient supply of sand and wind blows steadily long enough the mound of sand grows into a dune.
Term
What is lithosphere?
Definition
The rigid outer layer of Earth, including the crust and upper mantle.
Term
What is asthenosphere?
Definition
A subdivision of the mantle situated below the lithosphere. This zone of weak material exists below a depth of about 100 kilometers and in some regions extends as deep as 700 kilometers. The rock within this zone is easily deformed.
Term
What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics?
Definition
The theory that proposes that Earth's outer shell consists of individual plates that interact in various ways and thereby produce earthquakes, volcanoes, mountains, and the crust itself.
Term
Lithoshperic plates move over _____
Definition
asthenosphere
Term
Continental rifting
Definition
occurs where two opposing tectonic forces act to pull the lithosphere apart.
Term
How do continental rifts form?
Definition
-mantle up-welling associated with broad up-warping of the overlying lithosphere
-As a result, lithosphere is stretched causing the brittle crustal rocks to break into large slabs.
-As the tectonic forces continue to pull the crust apart these crustal fragments sink, generating an elongated depression(continental rift).
Term
What are divergent plate boundaries?
Definition
it occurs where two plates move apart, resulting in up-welling of hot material from the mantle to create new seafloor.
Term
Features of an oceanic-continental convergence
Definition
continental volcanic arc- resulting volcanic mountain chain
Term
Features of an oceanic- oceanic convergence
Definition
volcanic island arc- volcanoes on the ocean floor that emerge as islands
Term
Features of an continental-continental convergence
Definition
mountains
Term
What are the different types of convergent boundaries?
Definition
Oceanic- continental convergence
Oceanic-oceanic convergence
Continental- Continental convergence
Term
____ allow the Earth's crust to move laterally
Definition
Transform faults
Term
_____records reversals in the polarity of the Earth's magnetic field and shows the motion of both the continents and the ocean floor
Definition
Paleomagnetism
Term
____are volcanoes not associated with edges of tectonic plates and record plate motion
Definition
Hot spots
Term
_____explains the distribution of most volcanoes and zones of earthquakes
Definition
Plate tectonics
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