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Chapter 3
Chapter three from Biology: Concepts & Connections Sixth Edition
36
Biology
10th Grade
12/09/2012

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Term
Organic compound
Definition
carbon-based molecules
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
methane and other compounds composed of only carbon and hydrogen
Term
Carbon skeletons
Definition
the chain of carbon atoms in an organic molecule
Term
Isomers
Definition
compounds with the same formula but different structures
Term
Hydroxyl group
Definition
polar (-OH)
Term
Methyl group
Definition
non-polar (-CH3)
Term
Carbonyl group
Definition
polar, aldehyde- at the end of the carbon backbone, ketone- attached to the interior carbon (-C=O)
Term
Carboxyl group
Definition
polar (-C=OOH)
Term
Amino group
Definition
polar (-NH2)
Term
Phosphate group
Definition
polar (-PO4)
Term
Macromolecules
Definition
four main classes of large biological molecules: carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
Term
Polymers
Definition
a long molecule consisting of many identical or similar building blocks strung together
Term
Monomers
Definition
building blocks of polymers, small structural units of the four organic families
Term
Dehydration reaction
Definition
a reaction which removes a molecule of water. a -OH group from one molecule and a H atom from another are removed, a water molecule is formed
Term
Hydrolysis
Definition
digests polymers too large to enter cells, reverse of dehydration reaction, break bonds by adding water. breaking polymers back into monomers, polymer is split then an -OH molecule is added to one end and a H atom to the other
Term
Enzymes
Definition
specialized macromolecules that speed up chemical reactions in cells
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
carbohydrate monomers ex. glucose, fructose, 1-2-1 ratio (CH2O)
Term
Disaccharide
Definition
formed from two monsaccharides by a dehydration reaction, most common one is sucrose, made of a glucose monomer linked to a fructose monomer
Term
Polysaccharide
Definition
polymers of monosaccharides linked together by dehydration reactions, may functions as storage molecules or structural compounds
Term
Starch
Definition
consists entirely of glucose monomers,a storage polysaccharide in plants, foil in a helical shape because of the angles of the bonds joining their glucose units, can be branched or unbranched
Term
Glycogen
Definition
more highly branched than starch, animals store excess sugar in glycogen, our glycogen is stored in granules in our liver and muscle cells
Term
Cellulose
Definition
the most abundant organic compound on Earth, forms cablelike fibrils in the tough walls that enclose plant cells. also a polymer of glucose, but its glucose monomers are linked together in a different orientation.
Term
Chitin
Definition
another structural polysaccharide, used by insects and crustaceans to build their exoskeleton, and also found in the cell walls of fungi. humans use chitin to make a strong and flexible surgical threas that decomposes after a wound heals
Term
Unsaturated fat
Definition
less than the maximum number of hydrogens, double bonds in the carbon chain, liquid at room temperature
Term
Saturated fat
Definition
maximum number of hydrogens, solid at room temperature, single bonds
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
major components of cell membranes, structurally similar to fats, but contain only 2 fatty acids attached to glycerol instead of three; in place of the third fatty acid is a negatively charged phosphate group
Term
Steroids
Definition
lipids whose carbon skeleton contains four fused rings
Term
Amino acids
Definition
all have an amino group and a carboxyl group, which are both covalent bonded to the alpha carbon. the alpha carbon is also bonded to a hydrogen and a chemical group symbolized by the letter R
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
amino acids are joined together in a dehydration reaction that links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of the next amino acid as a water molecule is removed, resulting in a covalent linkage
Term
Polypeptide
Definition
a chain of amino acids
Term
Dipeptide
Definition
the product of a peptide bond, made from two amino acids
Term
Primary Structure
Definition
the sequence of amino acids forming its polypeptide chains
Term
Secondary Structure
Definition
the coiling or folding of the chain, stabilized by hydrogen bonds
Term
Tertiary Structure
Definition
overall three-dimensional shape of a polypeptide, resulting from interactions among R groups
Term
Quaternary Structure
Definition
proteins made of more than one polypeptide have this
Term
Nucleotide
Definition
monomers of nucleic acids, each has three parts: a five-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base (a molecular structure containing carbon and nitrogen)
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