Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 3
Cells and Tissues
80
Medical
Not Applicable
09/26/2012

Additional Medical Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Interstitial fluid
Definition
Fluid located in the microscopic spaces between the cells
Term
Three main parts of a cell
Definition
Plasma membrane, Cytoplasm, and Nucleus
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
Membrane that separates the contents of a cell from the tissue fluid; encloses the cytoplasm and forms the outer boundary of the cell
Term
Cytoplasm
Definition
The gel-like substance of a cell exclusive of the nucleus and other organelles
Term
Organelles
Definition
The small structures that make up much of the cytoplasm are called organelles. This name means "little organs" an appropriate name because they function for the cell just as organs function for the body
Term
Types of organelles which are found in cytoplasm
Definition
Ribosomes, Endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, Mitochondria, Lysosomes, Centrieles, Cilia, Flagella
Term
Ribosome
Definition
Organelle in the cytoplasm of cells that synthesizes proteins; also known as a "protein factory"
Term
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
Definition
Network of tubules and vesicles in cytoplasm
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Small sacs stacked on one another near the nucleus that makes carbohydrate compounds, combines them with protein molecules, and packages the product in a globule
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Another kind of organelle in all cells; also known as "power plants"
Term
Lysosome
Definition
Membranous organelles containing various enzymes that can dissolve most cellular compounds; hence called digestive bags or suicide bags of cells
Term
Centriole
Definition
One of a pair of tiny cylinders in the centrosome of a cell; believed to be involved with the spindle fibers formed during mitosis
Term
Cilia
Definition
Hairlike projections of cells
Term
Flagellum
Definition
Single projection exitending from the cell surface; only example in humans is the "tail" of the male sperm
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; central core of the atom; made up of protons and (sometimes) neutrons
Term
Nucleoplasm
Definition
A special type of cytoplasm found in the nucleus
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Critical to protein formation because it "programs" the formation of ribosomes in the nucleus
Term
Chromatin granules
Definition
Staining substance in the nucleus of cells; divides into chromosomes during mitosis
Term
Chromosome
Definition
DNA molecule that has coiled to form a compact mass during mitosis or meiosis; each chromosome is composed of regions called genes each of which transmits hereditary information
Term
Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
Definition
Chemical compound that provides energy for use by body cells
Term
Passive Transport Processes
Definition
No cellular energy is required to move substances from a high concentration to a low concentration
Term
Active Transport Processes
Definition
Cellular energy is required to move substance from a low concentration to a high concentration
Term
Diffusion
Definition
Spreading; for example, scattering of dissolved particles
Term
Osmosis
Definition
Movement of a fluid through a semipermeable
Term
Dialysis
Definition
Separation of smaller (diffusible) particles from larger (nondiffusible) particles through a semipermeable membrane
Term
Filtration
Definition
Movement of water and solutes through a membrane by a higher hydrostatic pressure on one side
Term
Active transport
Definition
Is the uphill movement of a substance through a living cell membrane
Term
Uphill
Definition
"Up a concentration gradient" (that is, from a lower to a higher concentration)
Term
Sodium-potassium pump
Definition
A system of coupled ion pumps that actively transports sodium ions out of a cell and potassium ions into the cell at the same time-found in all living cells
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
Ingestion and digestion of particles by a cell. The term phagocytosis comes from a Greek word meaning "to eat"
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
The active transport mechanism used to transfer fluids or dissolved substances into cells. The term is appropriate because the word part pino- come from the Greek word meaning "drink"
Term
Mitosis
Definition
Indirect cell division involving complex changes in the nucleus
Term
Ribonucleic acid (RNA)
Definition
Nucleic acid found in the cytoplasm that is crucial to protein synthesis
Term
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
Definition
Genetic material of the cell that carries the chemical "blueprint" of the body
Term
Gene
Definition
One of many segments of a chromosome (DNA molecule); each gene contains the genetic code for synthesizing a protein molecule such as an enzyme or hormone
Term
Transcription
Definition
Occurs when the double-stranded DNA molecules unwind and form mRNA
Term
Translation
Definition
The synthesis of a protein by ribosomes
Term
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
Definition
Duplicate copy of a gene sequence on the DNA that passes from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
Term
Interphase
Definition
The phase immediately fefore the visible stages of cell division whe the DNA of each chromosome replicates itself
Term
Prophase
Definition
First stage of mitosis during which chromosomes become visible
Term
Chromatids
Definition
A chromosomes strand
Term
Centromere
Definition
A beadlike structure that attaches one chromatid to another during the early stages of mitosis
Term
Spindle fiber
Definition
A network of tubules formed in the cytoplasm between the centrioles as they are moving away from each other
Term
Metaphase
Definition
Second stage of mitosis during which the nuclear envelope and nucleolus disappear
Term
Anaphase
Definition
Stage of mitosis; duplicate chromosomes move to poles of dividing cell
Term
Cleavage furrow
Definition
Depression in the parent cell surface during cell division; it appears at the end of anaphase and begins to divide the cell into two daughter cells
Term
Telophase
Definition
Last stage of mitosis in which the cell divides
Term
Neoplasm
Definition
An abnormal mass of proliferating cells that may be either benign or malignant
Term
Benign tumor
Definition
A relatively harmless neoplasm
Term
Malignant
Definition
Cancerous growth
Term
The 4 main kinds of tissues that compose the body's many organs
Definition
Epithelial tissue, Connective tissue, Muscle tissue, and Nervous tissue
Term
Epithelial tissue
Definition
Covers the body and its parts; lines various parts of the body; forms continuous sheets that contain no blood vessels; classified according to shape and arrangement
Term
Shape of cells
Definition
Squamous (flat and scale like), Cuboidal (cube shape), Columnar (higher than they are wide), and Transitional (varging shapes that can stretch)
Term
Arrangement of cells
Definition
Simple ( a single layer of cells of the same shape), and Stratified ( many layers of cells; named for the shape of cells in the outer layer)
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
Consists of a single layer of very thin and irregularly shaped cells
Term
Stratified squamous epithelium
Definition
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
Can be found lining the inner surface of the stomach, intestines, and some areas of the respiratory and reproductive tracts
Term
Pseudostratified epithelium
Definition
Typical of that which lines the trachea or windpipe
Term
Basement membrane
Definition
Connective tissue layer of the serous membrane that holds and supports the epithelial cells
Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium
Definition
Does not form protective coverings but instead forms tubules or other grouping specialized for secretory activity
Term
Connective tissue
Definition
Most abundant and widely distributed tissue in the body; has numerous functions
Term
Matrix
Definition
The intracellular substance of a tissue; for example, the matrix of bone is calcified, whereas that of blood is liquid
Term
Major types of connective tissue in the body
Definition
Areolar connective tissue, Adipose or fat tissue, Fibrous connective tissue, Bone, Cartilage, Blood, and Hematopoietic tissue
Term
Areolar connective tissue
Definition
Most widely distributed of all connective tissue types. It's the "glue" that gives form to the internal organs
Term
Adipose or fat tissue
Definition
Specialized to store lipids
Term
Fibrous connective tissue
Definition
Consists mainly of thick bundles of strong, white collagen fibers arranged in parallel rows
Term
Collagen
Definition
Principle organic constituent of connective tissue
Term
Osteon
Definition
Structural unit of compact bone tissue made up of concentric layers (lamellae) of hard bone matrix and bone cells (osteocytes)
Term
Haversian system
Definition
Circular arrangements of calcified matrix and cells that give bone its characteristic appearance
Term
Chondrocyte
Definition
Cartilage cell
Term
Hematopoietic tissue
Definition
Bloodlike connective tissue found in the red marrow cavities of bones and in organs such as the spleen, tonsils, and lymph nodes
Term
Three kinds of muscle tissue
Definition
Skeletal, Cardiac, and Smooth
Term
Skeletal or striated muscle
Definition
Called voluntary because willed or voluntary control of skeletal muscle contractions is possible
Term
Cardiac muscle
Definition
Specialized muscle that makes up the heart
Term
Smooth muscle
Definition
Muscles that are not under conscious control; also known as involuntary or visceral; forms the walls of blood vessels and hollow organs
Term
Neuron
Definition
Nerve cell, including its processes ( axons and dendrites)
Term
Glia
Definition
Supporting cells of nervous tissue; also called neuroglia
Term
Cell body
Definition
Main part of a neuron from which the dendrites and axons extend
Term
Axon
Definition
Nerve cell process that transmits impulses away from the cell body
Term
Dendrite
Definition
Branching or treelike; a nerve cell process that transmits impulses toward the body
Supporting users have an ad free experience!