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Chapter 3
Evolutionary Psychology
44
Physiology
12th Grade
02/08/2009

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Term
Nativists (Sociobiologists Believe):
Definition
Sociobiologists believe that genes explain all behaviors
Term
Nature "Nativists:"
Definition
Evolutionary Psychologists, Sociobiologists, and Evolutionary Biologists
Term
Sociobiologists beliefs:
Definition
Sociobiologists believed that genes explain all behaviors
Term
 Evolutionary Psychology: Who, and what they believed
Definition
Charles Darwin (Help us to see how parts of the brain evolved to what they did),and Herbert Spencer(1870 Social Darwinism, then applied to human activity). They do studies on how genetic traits influence most behaviors (Natural selections has shaped common human traits: language, memory, emotions, etc.)
Term
IQ:
Definition
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Term
Problems associated with lower IQ:
Definition
1) Prenatal care vs. learning disability
2) Nutrition = 20 pt IQ difference
3) Toxins (ex: lead poisoning 9% white vs. 21% black)
4) Mental stimulation = more neural networks
5) FAMILY SIZE: IQ drops with birth order and big families
6) Stressful family circumstances; (if no risk, +30 pts – 2 standard deviations) divorce, no job, mom mentally ill, etc… each factor -2 pts
7) Parent-child interactions (read to child, trips, talking meaningfully to kids – all create competence
8) INDIVIDUAL EXPERIENCES can dramatically increase competence, IQ, etc… HAVING A GREAT TEACHER, WINNING A BIG PRIZE, FEELING ACCEPTED BY PARENT(S)
Term
What does it mean to say that gene/environment interaction works in both directions?
Definition
The genes that a person obtains will be influence by the environment that they live in (for example: an athlete will thrive if given good body genes)
Term
The basic unit of heredity is called:
Definition
A pair of genes
Term
What does the code (within a gene) encode for?
Definition
A protein building block for behavior and body
Term
What do most genetic traits depend on?
Definition
Most genetic traits depend on a single gene
Term
What two processes during the formation of sperm and eggs help explain genetic changes within a population?
Definition
Cross over, and mutations (could potentially be a good thing, for example: giraffe's and long necks)
Term
Natural Selection:
Definition
Genetic variations become more common over time if they are adaptive in a particular environment
Term
Evolutionary Psychologists belief on how the human mind evolved:
Definition
A collection of specialized modules that handle specific survival problems (for example: if you were going to be attacked by a tiger, you're immediately going to get an adrenalin rush, or babies and their initial need for food)
Term
Our Biological heritage consist of:
Definition
A sucking reflex at birth, a motive to explore and manipulate objects, and a love of play
Term
What do evolutionary psychologists expect to be more typical of males than females?
Definition
Promiscuity, concern with dominance, interest in young partners, and emphasis on physical attractiveness
Term
What major issue divides evolutionary theorists and their critics in debates over courtship and mating?
Definition
Sociobiology and Culture (the nature vs. nurture is still at work here)
Term
What evidence would you need in order to proove that men will always be more secually promiscuous than women?
Definition
This could be conformation bias, you will need to find other species that prove the theory (for example: Dung Beatles)
Term
Diane hears that basket weaving abiility is highly heritable. She assumes that her own low performance must therefore be due mostly to genes. What s wrong with her reasoning?
Definition
Diane is comparing herself at an individual stance rather then with a group
Term
Three important aspects that can not be used with heritablility?
Definition
You can't compare individuals (a person's achievements or flaws at a personal stance), you can't compare two different groups (blacks and whites), and you can't compare the environments (educations in two different environments)
Term
Heritability:
Definition
The percent or likelihood of passing on or obtaining a gene
Term
High Heritability:
Definition
There is a great chance that many people have this trait
Term
Low Heritability:
Definition
The gene is not passed on
Term
Why do behavioral geneticists find it useful to study twins?
Definition
Behavioral geneticists (a.k.a evolutionary psychologists) find it helpful to study identical twins because they have the same DNA (whereas fraternal twins have different DNA). So, when studied, identical twins share all the same genes but have different environments to satisfy both the nativists and empiricists arguments
Term
What is the contrast between the nativists and empiricists?
Definition
They disagree with the relative importance of nature and nurture in explaining human differences
Term
Evolutionary psychology and sociobiology both focus on what?
Definition
Both focus on evolutionary influences on behavior
Term
Evolutionary Psychologists focus on what?
Definition
focus on language learning, attention, and perception
Term
Genes:
Definition
The basic unit of heredity. They are composed of DNA, and are the structure of proteins
Term
Chromosomes:
Definition
Rod shaped structures that are found in every cell of the body that carry the genes
Term
Genome:
Definition
A full set of genes in each cell of an organism
Term
X Chromosomes and Y Chromosomes:
Definition
The x chromosomes is a women, and a y chromosomes is a male (these determine the offspring's sex)
Term

 

 Linkage Study

Definition
Genetic studies that look for patterns of inheritance of genetic markers in large families in which a particular condition is common; the markers consist of DNA segments that carry considerably among individuals and that have known locations on the chromosomes
Term
DNA:
Definition
(Deoxyribonucleic acid): The chromosomal molecule that transfers genetic characteristics by way of coded instructions of the structure of proteins
Term
Evolutionary Psycholigists believe that:
Definition
As gene frequencies change within a population over generations, certain genetically influenced characteristics more or less common
Term
Natural Selection:
Definition
The fate of these genetic variations depends on the environment. The evolutionary process in which individuals with genetically influenced traits that are adaptive in a particular environment tend to survive and to reproduce in greater numbers than other individuals, as a result, their traits become more common in the population over time
Term
Heritability estimates of intelligence for children and adolescents have an average of what?
Definition
(very widely) average of .5
Term
What is wrong with The Bell Curve hypothesis?
Definition
The bell curve doesn't include the environment, and is also comparing two different groups
Term
Scientific term for Fraternal twins:
Definition
dizygotic, made from two different eggs
Term
Scientific term for identical twins:
Definition
(Monozygotic) made frome the same egg
Term
Edward O. Wilson:
Definition
Sociobiologists who said DNA shapes day to day behaviors
Believed in a “Short Leach”
Term
Stephen Jay Gould:
Definition
Evolutionary Psychologists who believes in a "long leach"
Term
What makes psychology research “scientific” (6 reasons):
Definition
Precisions, skepticism, rely on empirical evidence that can be observed and counted (quantifiable), state your hypothesis, conformation bias, and openness
Term
Behaviorists believe...
Definition
(Watson, skinner) believe that internet, diet, school, stress, pollution etc. affect your outcome (nurture)
Term
   Charles Darwin:
Definition
1859: The Origin of Species. Help us to see how parts of the brain evolved to what they did
Term
   Herbert Spencer:
Definition
1870: Social Darwinism, then applied to human activity
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