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Chapter 32
Vocab
38
Biology
Undergraduate 2
02/02/2016

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Term
Tissues
Definition
Cells of most animals are organized into this
Term
Cleavage
Definition
Zygote undergoes this. A succession of mitotic cell divisions without cell growth between the divisions.
Term
Blastula
Definition
After cleavage. When many animals take the form of a hollow ball of cells.
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
Follows blastula stage. Layers of embryonic tissues that will develop into adult body parts are produced.
Term
Larva
Definition
Sexually immature form of an animal that is morphologically distinct from the adult, usually eats different food, may have a different habitat than adult.
Term
Metamorphosis
Definition
A developmental transformation that turns the animal into a juvenile that resembles an adult but is not yet sexually mature.
Term
Order of early embryonic development in animals
Definition
Zygote -> Cleavage ->Eight-cell stage -> Cleavage -> Blastula -> Gastrulation -> Gastrula.
Term
Homeoboxes
Definition
Regulatory genes contain sets of DNA sequences called this.
Term
Ediacaran biota
Definition
fossils that are members of an early group of soft-bodied multicellular eukaryotes known collectively as this.
Term
Cambrian explosion
Definition
wave of animal diversification 535-525 million years ago during the paleozoic era.
Term
Bilaterians
Definition
an enormous clade whose members have a two-sided or bilaterally symmetric form and a complete digestive tract, an efficient digestive system that has a mouth at one end and an anus at the other. Inlcudes molluscs, arthropods, chordate, and most other living animal phyla. Excludes sponges and cnidarians.
Term
Body plan
Definition
A particular set of morphological and developmental traits integrated into a functional whole- the living animal.

(also of interest in the study of evo-devo- interface between evolution and development.)
Term
Radial symmetry
Definition
the type of symmetry found in a flowerpot. Does not have a left and a right side. Any imaginary slice through the central axis divides the animal into mirror images.
Term
Bilateral symmetry
Definition
two-sided symmetry (like a shovel and lobster). Left and right sides. Only one imaginary cut divides the animal into mirror-image halves.
Term
Posterior
Definition
back end of animal
Term
Dorsal
Definition
top side of animal
Term
Ventral
Definition
bottom side of animal
Term
Anterior
Definition
front end of animal
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
germ layer covering the surface of the embryo, gives rise to the outer layer covering of the animal, and ins some phyla, to the central nervous center.
Term
Endoderm
Definition
the innermost germ layer, lines the pouch that forms during gastrulation (the archenteron) and gives rise to the lining of the digestive tract (or cavity) and organs such as the liver and lungs of vertebrates.
Term
Diploblastic
Definition
animals that have only two germ layers are this. includes cnidarians.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
all bilaterally symmetrical animals have this third germ layer. Fills much of the space between the ectoderm and endoderm.
Term
Triploblastic
Definition
having 3 germ layers.
Term
Body cavity
Definition
fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Also called coelom.
Functions:
-Cushions suspended organs, helping to prevent internal injury. ---Enables internal organs to grow and move independently of outer body wall. (Without it, each heart beat would warp body's surface.)
Term
Coelom
Definition
fluid or air-filled space located between the digestive tract and the outer body wall. Called body cavity, but also called this.
Term
Coelomates
Definition
animals with true coelom are known as this.
Term
Pseudocoelomates
Definition
Animals with body cavity that is formed from mesoderm and endoderm.
Term
Acoelomates
Definition
some triploblastic animals lack a body cavity. They are called this.
Term
Grade
Definition
group whose members share key biological features. such as coelomates and pseudocoelomates.
Term
Protostome development
Definition
Animals with this type of development undergo spiral cleavage and determinate cleavage.
Term
Spiral cleavage
Definition
planes of cell division are diagonal to the vertical axis of the embryo
Term
Determinate cleavage
Definition
rigidly casts the developmental fate of each embryonic cell very early.
A cell isolated from a snail at the four-cell stage cannot develop into a whole animal and will form an inviable embryo that lacks many parts.
Term
Deuterostome development
Definition
Animals with this type of development undergo radial cleavage and indeterminate cleavage.
Term
Radial Cleavage
Definition
cleavage planes are either parallel or perpendicular to the vertical axis of the embryo.
As seen at the 8-cell stage, tiers of cells are aligned directly above one another.
Term
Indeterminate Cleavage
Definition
each cell produced by early cleavage divisions retains the capacity to develop into a complete embryo.
Term
Archenteron
Definition
during gastrulation, an embryo's developing digestive tube initially forms as a blind pouch called this, which becomes the gut
Term
Blastophore
Definition
indentation that during gastrulation leads to the formation of the archenteron
Term
Diversification of animals points:
Definition
1. All animals share a common ancestor.
2. sponges are basal animals.
3. Eumetazoa is a clade of animals with true tissues.
4. Most animal phyla belong to the clade Bilateria.
5. There are 3 major clades of bilaterian animals: A) Deuterostomia, Lophotrochozoa, and Ecdysozoa. With one exception, phyla in these clades consist entirely of invertebrates. Chordata is only phylum with vertebrates. (defined p. 676 and 677)
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