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Chapter 31
Western Society and Eastern Europe in the Decades of the Cold War
12
History
10th Grade
03/19/2014

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Term
page 753

Cold War
Definition
State of relations between US and its allies and USSR and its allies between end of WWII and 1990; based on creation of political spheres of influence and a nuclear arms race rather than actual warfare.

Significance: -time period in which US and USSR were constantly competing to outdo one another in terms of scientific, industrial, and political achievements

Analyze: -US fear of communist aggression and USSR desire to prove superiority to West after humiliation of WWII
Term
page 756

Marshall Plan
Definition
Program of substantial loans initiated by US in 1947; designed to aid Western nations in rebuilding from war's devastation; vehicle for American economic dominance.

Significance: -made to provide loans for Western nations after devastation of war and establish American economic dominance

Analyze: -humanitarian effort as well as tactic to prevent domestic communist movements in places like Franc and Italy
Term
page 754

Eastern Bloc
Definition
Nations favorable to USSR in eastern Europe during cold war; particularly Poland, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria, Romania, Hungary, and East Germany.

Significance: -communist regimes and Soviet troops installed in bloc

Analyze: -USSR pushed westward; excluded opposition political movements
Term
page 754

Harry Truman
Definition
American president from 1945-1952; less eager for smooth relations with USSR than Roosevelt; authorized use of atomic bomb during WWII; architect of American diplomacy that initiated cold war.

Significance: -authorized use of atomic bomb in WWII
-less friendly towards Soviets than Roosevelt

Analyze: -emboldened by development of atomic technology; like Churchill, fearful of growing intensity of iron curtain and communist influence
Term
page 756

North Atlantic Treaty Organization
Definition
Created in 1949 under US leadership to group most of western European powers plus Canada in a defensive alliance against possible Soviet aggression.

Significance: -grouped western European powers and Canada

analyze: -formed defensive alliance against possible Soviet hostility
Term
page 756

Warsaw Pact
Definition
Alliance organized by USSR with its eastern European satellites to balance formation of NATO by Western powers in 1949.

Significance: -meant to balance formation of NATO; further divided Eastern and Western world

Analyze: -Soviet development of nuclear weapons strengthened separation between NATO and Pact members
Term
page 756

Welfare State
Definition
New activism of Western European state in economic policy and welfare issues after WWII; introduced programs to reduce impact of economic inequality; typically included medical programs and economic planning.

Significance: -reduced impact of economic inequality and provided civilians with medical care and economic planning

Analyze: -resistance ideas and leftward shift of political spectrum
-wartime planning in British gov't indicated need for changes
Term
page 757

Technocrat
Definition
New type of bureaucrat; intensely trained in engineering or economics and devoted to power of national planning; came to fore in offices of gov't following WWII.

Significance: -well-trained in engineering or economics
-gained positions in offices of gov't in welfare states

Analyze: -up to 25% of gross national product going to welfare; nations needed leaders experienced in dealing with economic reform and stabilizing expenses
Term
page 758

Green Movement
Definition
Political parties, especially in Europe, focusing on environmental issues and control over economic growth.

Significance: -demonstrated growing concern for protection of environment, industrialism, and inflation

Analyze: -result of increased student populations, concern over nuclear weaponry, pollution from factories, et cetera
Term
page 759

European Union

(originally European Economic Community)
Definition
Alliance of Germany, France, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, and Netherlands to create single economic entity across national boundaries in 1958; later joined by Britain, Ireland, Denmark, Greece, Spain, Portugal, Sweden, Austria, Finland and other nations for further European economic integration.

Significance: -first major effort to stimulate European economies as a whole (aside from USSR)
-tariffs reduced and set at certain rate among members; free movement of labor and investment encouraged

Analyze: -widespread agreement that economic unity was crucial; Common Market bureaucracy (Brussels) formed to oversee operations
Term
page 766

New Feminism
Definition
New wave of women's rights agitation dating from 1949; emphasized more literal equality that would play down domestic roles and qualities for women; promoted specific reforms and redefinition of what it means to be female.

Significance: -stressed actual equality of men and women, as both possess strengths that make the gender valuable

Analyze: -desire to dissolve domestic roles and limitations previous placed on women
-reaction to revolutionary literary works like De Beauvoir's "The Second Sex"
Term
page 771

Berlin Wall
Definition
Built in 1961 to half flow of immigration from East to West Berlin; immigration was in response to lack of consumer goods and close Soviet control of economy and politics; torn down at end of cold war in 1991.

Significance: -
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