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Chapter 2. Neuroscience as a Basis
Adult Development and Aging
33
Psychology
Undergraduate 2
05/18/2012

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Cards

Term
Activation Imaging Approach
Definition
Attempts to directly link functional brain activity with cognitive behavioral data.
Term
Alzheimer's Disease
Definition
A disease commonly found in the elderly that is characterized by a decline in memory and a progressive destruction of brain cells.
Term
Amygdala
Definition
The region of the brain, located in the medial temporal lobe, believed to play a key role in EMOTION.
Term
Anterior Cingulate
Definition
Located in the front part of the cingulated cortex, this region of the brain plays a role in autonomic functions, cognitive functions, and emotion.
Term
Basal Ganglia
Definition
A group of nuclei interconnected with the cerebral cortex. They are associated with motor control, cognition, and emotions.
Term
Bilateral Activation
Definition
Involves activation of a specific brain structure in both lateral hemispheres of the brain.
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
the part of the brain that is associated with motor functioning and balance equilibrium.
Term
Compensatory
Definition
Involves the use of a behavior or function to aid in performance that has been otherwise compromised.
Term
Controlled Self-Generated Encoding
Definition
When individuals elaborate on information by relating it to themselves and rehearse the information in this way.
Term
Correlational Approach
Definition
Attempts to link measures of cognitive performance to measures of brain structure or functioning.
Term
Default Network
Definition
The regions of the brain that are most active at rest.
Term
Diffusion Tensor Imaging
Definition
The measurement of the diffusion of water molecules in tissue in order to study connections of neural pathways in the brain.
Term
Dopaminergic System
Definition
Involves dopamine neurotransmission. Dopamaine is a neurotransmitter and is critically implicated in multiple cognitive functions.
Term
Environmental Enrichment
Definition
In animal studies, involves raising animals in large groups filled with changing arrangements of toys/objects.
Term
Executive Functions
Definition
Include the ability to make and carry out plans, switch between tasks, and maintain attention and focus.
Term
Functional Imaging (fMRI)
Definition
Examines how changes in brain activity occur in correspondence to changes in task demands and the type of cognitive functioning under investigation.
Term
Hippocampus
Definition
Located in the medial-temporal lobe, this part of the brain plays a major role in memory and learning.
Term
Lateral Occipital Complex
Definition
A highly specialized neural site involved in processing the face, place, and object areas.
Term
Method of Loci
Definition
A memory technique for remembering things by linking them to places.
Term
Neostriatum
Definition
Receives input from the cerebral cortex and other brain areas and provides output to the basal nuclei.
Term
Neural Stem Cells
Definition
Those that give life to new neurons throughout the life span.
Term
Neuropsychological Approach
Definition
Compares brain functioning of healthy older adults with adults displaying various pathological disorder in the brain.
Term
Over-Recruitment
Definition
Occurs when additional neurons fire and shore up declining brain structures that are insufficient.
Term
Parkinson's Disease
Definition
a brain disease caused by an extreme drop in the neurotransmitter dopamine.
Term
Plasticity
Definition
Involves the interactions between the brain and the environment and is mostly used to describe the effects of experience on the structure and functions of the neural system.
Term
Positivity Effect
Definition
When an individual remembers more positive information relative to negative information.
Term
Prefrontal Cortex (PFC)
Definition
Part of the frontal lobe that is involved in executive functioning.
Term
Selective Allocation of Attention
Definition
When something in the environment captures one's attention and the individual allocates more resources in the attention to that item.
Term
Supplementary Processes
Definition
When different brain regions are activated to compensate for lacking processing resources.
Term
Under-Recruitment
Definition
Occurs when neuronal firing is limited when the brain is activated.
Term
Ventromedial Prefrontal Cortex (VMPFC)
Definition
Part of the prefrontal cortex, this may be involved in decision making and processing risk.
Term
White Matter Hyperintensities (WMH)
Definition
Abnormalities in the brain often found in older adults, correlated with cognitive decline.
Term
Working Memory Performance
Definition
Holding and manipulating information in consciousness.
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