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Chapter 2
Water and Carbon: The Chemical Basis of Life
65
Biology
Undergraduate 1
09/04/2014

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Term
Chemical Evolution
Definition

The leading scientific explanation for the origin of life

Consist of a pattern component and a process component

Term
Parts of an Atom
Definition
  • The atomic nucleus is made up of protons and neutrons
  • Atomic nucleus is surrounded by orbiting electrons[image]
Term
Mass Number
Definition
THe sum of protons and neutrons in an atom
Term
Atomic Number
Definition
The number of protons in an atom
Term
Isotopes
Definition

Forms of an element with a different number of neutrons

("equal-places")

Term
Atomic Weight
Definition
An average of all the mass numbers of the naturally occurring isotopes based on their abundance
Term
Radioactive Isotope
Definition
An isotope that is unstable and whose nucleus will eventually decay and release energy
Term
Dalton
Definition
Special unit of measurement for mass of protons, neutrons, and electrons
Term
Orbitals
Definition
The specific regions that electrons move around atomic nuclei
Term
Electron Shells
Definition
Levels that orbitals are grouped into
Term
Valence Shell
Definition
The outermost shell of an atom
Term
Valence Electrons
Definition
The electrons found in the outermost shell
Term
Valence
Definition
The number of unpaired electrons found in an atom
Term
Chemical Bonds
Definition
Attractions that bind atoms together
Term
Covalent Bonds
Definition
A strong attraction where two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons in order to fill their valence shells
Term
Molecules
Definition
Substances held together by covalent bonds
Term
Electronegativity
Definition

When atoms hog the electrons in covalent bonds

(O,N,C=H)

Term
Nonpolar Covalent Bond
Definition
When the electrons are shared equally
Term
Polar Covalent Bond
Definition
When the electrons spend most of their time close to the nucleus of the more electronegative atom
Term
Partial Charges
Definition
  • The electrons spend more time on one atom (O or N), giving that atom a partial negative charge
  • The electrons spend less time on one atom (C or H), giving that atom a partial positive [image]
Term
Ionic Bond
Definition
Atoms completely transfer electrons from one atom to the other to get a full valence shell
Term
Ion
Definition
An atom or molecule that carries a full charge, rather than the partial charge that arise from polar covalent bonds
Term
Cation
Definition

Positively charged ions

(Na+)

Term
Anion
Definition

Negatively charged ion

(Cl-)

Term
Molecular Formula
Definition
Compact, but don't contain a great deal of information - indicate only the numbers and types of atoms
Term
Structural Formulas
Definition
Indicate which atoms are bonded and indicate geometry in 2D
Term
Ball-and-Stick Models
Definition
Take up more space than structural formulas, but provide information on 3D shape and indicate relative size of atoms involved
Term
Space-Filling Models
Definition
More difficult to read than ball-and-stick, but more accurately depicting the spatial relationship
Term
Solvent
Definition
An agent for dissolving substances
Term
Solution
Definition
A homogeneous mixture of substances
Term
Solutes
Definition
What is dissolved in a solvent
Term
Hydrophobic Interaction
Definition
Polar molecules seek to be with other polar molecules, so they push all nonpolar molecules away - where nonpolar molecules end up together
Term
Cohesion
Definition

Attraction between like molecules

 

Term
Adhesion
Definition
Attraction between unlike molecules
Term
Surface Tension
Definition
Water molecules at the surface connect through hydrogen bonding, making a net that resist forces that try to break the surface
Term
Chemical Reaction
Definition
One substance is combined with others or broken down into another substance
Term
Acids
Definition

Substances that give up protons and raise the hydronium ion concentration of water

(0-7pH)

Term
Bases
Definition

Molecules/ions that require protons and lower the hydronium ion concentration of water

(7-14pH)

Term
Mole
Definition

The mass of one mole of any substance= the molecular weight expressed in grams

(6.022x10^23)

Term
Molecular Weight
Definition
The sum of the atomic weights of all the atoms in a molecule
Term
Molarity (M)
Definition
The number of mols of the substance present per liter of solution
Term
pH
Definition
pH=-log[H+]
Term
Buffers
Definition
Compounds that minimize changes in pH
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Maintining relatively constant conditions
Term
Reactant
Definition

Initial molecules written in chemical reactions

(shown on the left)

Term
Product
Definition

Resulting reaction in a chemical reaction

(written on the right)

Term
Chemical Equilibrium
Definition
When the forward and reverse reactions proceed at the same rate, the quantities of reactants and products remain constant
Term
Endothermic
Definition

Heat being absorbed

("Within heating")

Term
Exothermic
Definition

Heat being released

("Outside heating")

Term
Energy
Definition
The capacity to do work or to supply heat
Term
Potential Energy
Definition
Stored energy
Term
Chemical Energy
Definition
Potential energy that is stored in chemical bonds
Term
Kinetic Energy
Definition
Energy of motion
Term
Thermal Energy
Definition
Kinetic energy of molecular motion
Term
Temperature
Definition
A measure of how much thermal energy a molecule possesses
Term
Heat
Definition
Thermal energy transferred between two objects
Term
First Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Energy is conserved - it cannot be created or destroyed, but only transferred and transformed
Term
Entropy
Definition
The amount of disorder in a system
Term
Second Law of Thermodynamics
Definition
Entropy always increases in an isolated system
Term
Prebiotic Soup Model
Definition
Certain molecules were synthesized from gases in the atomosphere or arrived via meteorites and resulted in an "organic soup" that allowed for continued construction of larger, even more complex molecules
Term
Surface Metabolism Model
Definition
Dissolved gases came in contact with minerals lining the walls of deep-sea vents and formed more complex, organic molecules
Term
Photons
Definition
Packets of light energy
Term
Free Radicals
Definition
Fragments that have unpaired electrons in their outermost shells and are extremely reactive
Term
Catalyst
Definition
Provides the appropriate chemical environment for reactants to interact with one another effectively
Term
Functional Groups(SHNOP)
Definition

Critically important H-,N-,O-,P-, and S- containing groups found in organic compounds

 

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