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Chapter 28
Chapter 28 - Archaea and Bacteria
41
Biology
Undergraduate 1
04/13/2013

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Term
TRUE or FALSE: no archaea are known to cause disease in humans
Definition
True
Term
What would you call a bacteria that causes disease?
Definition
Pathogenic
Term
How are infectious diseases spread?
Definition
An infectious disease is one spread by being passed from an infected individual to an uninfected individual
Term
What is the use of Koch's postulates?
Definition
Koch's postulates are used to confirm a causative link between a specific infectious disease and infectious microbe
Term
What did Koch's experiments eventually become the basis for?
Definition
Koch's experiments became the basis for the germ theory of disease.
Term
What is the germ theory of disease?
Definition
The germ theory of disease states that infectious diseases are caused by bacteria and viruses
Term
What are the four parts of Koch's postulates?
Definition
1) the microbes must be present in individual suffering from the disease and absent from healthy individuals
2) the organism must be isolated and grown in a pure culture away from the host organism
3) if organisms from the pure culture are injected into a healthy experimental animal, the disease symptoms should appear
4) the organisms should be isolated from the diseased experimental animal again grown in a pure culture, and demonstrated by size, shape, color to be the same as the original organism
Term
What are some common serious pollutants found in soils rivers and ponds?
Definition
Organic compounds that were originally used as solvents or fuels but leaked or were spilled into the environment. These types of pollutants do not dissolve in water and accumulate in sediments
Term
What is bioremediation?
Definition
Bioremediation is the use of bacteria and archaea to degrade pollutants.
Term
What are the two complementary strategies often used in bioremediation?
Definition
1) fertilizing contaminated sites to encourage the growth of existing bacteria and archaea that degrade toxic compounds
2) adding specific species of bacteria and archaea to contaminated sites
Term
What are extremophiles?
Definition
Extremophiles are bacteria or archaea that live in high salt, high-temperature, low temperature or high-pressure habitats.
Term
True or false: astrobiologists use extremophiles as model organisms in the search for extraterrestrial life
Definition
True
Term
What were the first organisms to perform oxygenic photosynthesis?
Definition
Cyanobacteria
Term
How long did the earth exist with no free molecular oxygen?
Definition
No free molecular oxygen existed for the first 2.3 billion years of Earth's history
Term
How were cyanobacteria responsible for a fundamental change in the history of evolution?
Definition
The cyanobacteria cause a change in Earth's atmosphere to one with a high concentration of oxygen, once oxygen was common in the oceans aerobic respiration became possible.
Term
What is anaerobic respiration?
Definition
The use of compounds other than oxygen as the final electron acceptor
Term
Why is the development of aerobic respiration important?
Definition
Oxygen is an efficient electron acceptor and much more energy is released with oxygen as the ultimate electron acceptor rather then other substances
Term
What is the role of certain bacteria in the nitrogen cycle?
Definition
- all eukaryotes and many bacteria and archaea cannot utilize molecular nitrogen, they must obtain nitrogen in a form such as ammonia or nitrate
- the only organisms capable of converting molecular nitrogen to ammonia are bacteria

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Term
What are three ways biologist study bacteria and archaea?
Definition
Using enrichment cultures, direct sequence and evaluating molecular phylogenies
Term
True or False: most of the current advancement in the understanding of bacteria and archaea occurred in the genetic research boom of the 1990s
Definition
False: our understanding of bacteria and archaea is advancing more rapidly now then any time during the past 100 years
Term
How are enrichment cultures used to study bacteria?
Definition
Enrichment cultures are based on establishing a specific set of growing conditions temperature, lighting, substrates, types available food, etc. Cells that thrive under the specified conditions will increase in numbers enough to be isolated and studied in detail
Term
What two new lineages of archaea were discovered using direct sequencing?
Definition
Korarchaeota and Nanoarchaeota
Term
True or false: The archaea and bacteria are more closely related to each other than to the eukarya
Definition
False: archaea and eukarya are more closely related to each other than to the bacteria
Term
In relevance to bacteria, what did the creation of a tree of life based on ribosomal RNA sequences show?
Definition
The tree of life based on ribosomal RNA sequences shows three domains: archaea, bacteria and eukarya
Term
What was the first lineage to diverge from the common ancestor of all living organisms?
Definition
Bacteria
Term
How are bacteria and archaea capable of living in a wide array of environments?
Definition
Because they vary and cell structure and in how they make a living
Term
What causes gram-positive bacteria to retain the stain?
Definition
Their thick outer layer of peptidoglycan absorbs the Gram stain
Term
Which type of bacteria is more susceptible antibiotics, gram-positive or gram-negative?
Definition
Gram-positive
Term
Which type of bacteria is most frequently a pathogen to humans, gram-positive or gram-negative?
Definition
Gram-positive
Term
What are the three ways that bacteria enter archaea produce ATP?
Definition
- Photophosphorylation
- cellular respiration with sugars serving as electron donors or fermentation
- cellular respiration with inorganic compounds serving of the electron donor
Term
What is a Phototroph?
Definition
Phototrophs use light energy to produce ATP
Term
What are chemoorganotrophs?
Definition
Chemoorganotrophs oxidize organic molecules with high potential energy
Term
What are chemolithotrophs?
Definition
chemolithotrophs oxidize inorganic molecules with high potential energy
Term
What are autotrophs?
Definition
Autotrophs manufacture their own carbon containing compounds
Term
What are heterotrophs?
Definition
Heterotrophs live by consuming organisms already containing carbon containing compounds
Term
What is non-oxygenic photosynthesis?
Definition
Non-oxygenic photosynthesis is the use of molecules other than water as the electron donor for producing ATP in bacteria.
Term
What is the basic mechanism in cellular respiration?
Definition
A molecule with high potential energy servers as an electron donor and is oxidized and a molecule with low potential energy serves as a final electron acceptor and is reduced
Term
What is the end product of cellular respiration?
Definition
ATP
Term
What is fermentation?
Definition
Fermentation is a strategy for making ATP without using electron transport chains
Term
True or False: bacteria and archaea can, as a group, use virtually any molecule with relatively high potential energy as a source of high-energy electrons for producing ATP
Definition
True
Term
True or False: there are a few known parasitic archaea
Definition
False: there are no known parasitic Arcadia
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