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Chapter 2
Thomas More College
78
Biology
Undergraduate 1
08/29/2012

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Term
MATTER
Definition
Any substance that has mass and takes up space. 
Term
atoms
Definition
What is matter composed of?
Term
20th century
Definition
When was the first experiments on the physical nature of atoms performed?
Term
Bohr
Definition
Atomic structure was introduced by who?
Term
electrons
Definition
Every atom possesses an orbiting cloud of tiny subatomic particles called what?
Term
a nucleus
Definition
What is at the center of each atom?
Term
protons and neutrons
Definition
What is a nucleus composed of?
Term
protons
Definition
The atomic number is equaled to the number of what?
Term
any substance that cannot be broken down to any other substance by ordinary chemical means. 
Definition
What is an element?
Term
Mass always stays the same, but weight is the force gravity exerts on a substance. 
Definition
What is the difference in mass and weight?
Term
protons + neutrons
Definition
How do you find atomic mass?
Term
daltons
Definition
Mass of atoms and subatomic particles are measured in what?
Term
In the atoms oribitals
Definition
Where are electrons located?
Term
a neutral atom
Definition
If an atom has the same number of protons and electrons it is called what?
Term
Where the number of electrons and protons arent the same
Definition
What is an ion?
Term
An atom having more protons then electorns
Definition
What is a cation?
Term
an atom having more electrons than protons
Definition
What is an anion?
Term
isotope
Definition
if an atom has a different number of protons and neutrons then it is called a what?
Term
when the nucleus of an atom tends to break up into atoms with lower atomic numbers
Definition
What is radioactive decay?
Term
5730 years
Definition
What is carbon's half life?
Term
half life
Definition
The decay time is called what?
Term
spherical and dumbbell shaped
Definition
What shapes can electron oribitals be?
Term
the atom loses an electron
Definition
What happens in oxidation?
Term
The atom gains an electron
Definition
What happens in reduction?
Term
how reactive the atoms are
Definition
What does electronegativity determine?
Term
by valence electrons
Definition
How is the periodic table grouped together?
Term
the preference for electrons to be full on the outer energy level. 
Definition
What is the octet rule?
Term
The outermost electrons
Definition
What are valence electrons?
Term
oxygen, hydrogen, carbon, and nitrogen
Definition
What are the four most common elements in living organisms?
Term
a group of atoms held together by energy 
Definition
What is a molecule
Term
contains more than one element
Definition
What is a compound?
Term
an electron is removed and then attached onto another atom
Definition
What is ionic bonds?
Term
sharing of pairs of electrons between atoms
Definition
What is a covalent bond?
Term
temperature, concentration, and a catalysts
Definition
What three things change the rate of a reaction?
Term
enzymes
Definition
What are biological catalysts called?
Term
they have partial negative and/or positive atoms
Definition
What are polar molecules?
Term
an attraction between hydrogen and any other highly electronegative element
Definition
What is a hydrogen bond?
Term
cohesion, forms hydrogen bonds, high specific heat, heat of vaporization, solubility, and lower density of ice
Definition
what are the five properties of water?
Term
the ability to do work
Definition
what is energy?
Term
it's position
Definition
potiential energy is based on what?
Term
when oxidation and reduction are coupled
Definition
What are redox reactions?
Term
atomic number
Definition
Dmitri Mendeleev arranged the known elements in a table according to their what?
Term
inert, or nonreactive
Definition
What are elements with 8 electrons in their outer energy level called?
Term
highly reactive
Definition
The elements with 7  and 1 electrons in their outer energy level are what?
Term
Ca 2+, K+, and Na+ 
Definition
What are the three important ions in biological systems called?
Term
Triple 
Definition
Which type of covalent bonds are the strongest?
Term
Covalent bonds that are equally shared
Definition
What are nonpolar bonds?
Term
They are unequally shared.  
Definition
What are polar covalent bonds?
Term
3/4
Definition
How much of the earth is covered by water?
Term
2/3
Definition
How much of an organisms body is composed of water?
Term
a water molecule
Definition
Tetrahedron is the shape of what?
Term
104.5 
Definition
What is the bond angle of a water molecule?
Term
insects walking on water 
Definition
What is an example of cohesion?
Term
the attraction for another polar substance causing the water to stick to a surface.
Definition
what is adhesion?
Term
20 %
Definition
What percentage of bonds break as water heats from 0 to 100 degree celsius?
Term
maintain a relatively constant internal temperature
Definition
Waters high specific heat allows them to do what?
Term
The heat required to raise the temperature of the unit mass of a given substance by a given amount
Definition
What is specific heat?
Term
the amount of energy required to change a gram of substance from a liguid to gas
Definition
What is heat of vaporization?
Term
by evaporating cooling, e.g., sweating
Definition
How do organisms dispose of excess body heat?
Term
its ability to dissolve
Definition
What is a soluble?
Term
what helps a substance dissolve
Definition
What is a solvent?
Term
what is being dissolved
Definition
what is a solute?
Term
after a solute dissolves, water forms this
Definition
What is a hydration shell?
Term
nonpolar substances that cant dissolve in water, "Water fearing"
Definition
What is hydrophobic?
Term
polar or charged ions that can dissolve in water, "water loving"
Definition
What is hydrophillic?
Term
the tendency of nonpolar molecules to group together when placed in water
Definition
what is hydrophobic exclusion?
Term
the formation of or separation into ions
Definition
What is ionization?
Term
a mole
Definition
What is the weight of a substance in grams?
Term
concentration measured by the number of moles of solute per liter of solution
Definition
What is molecular concentration?
Term
logarithimic
Definition
The pH scale is what?
Term
an acid
Definition
If the pH is lower than 7 it is what?
Term
Base
Definition
If the pH is greater than 7 it is what?
Term
covalent bonds
Definition
hydrogen atoms are held together by what?
Term
4
Definition
water can form how many hydrogen bonds?
Term
one acid and one base
Definition
buffers consist of what?
Term
carbonic acid
Definition
the reaction of carbon dioxide and water form what?
Term
your blood
Definition
The bicarbonate system is the buffer in what?
Term
goes down
Definition
as the pH level is going up the ion concentration does what?
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