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Chapter 2
Chemistry of Life
41
Medical
Not Applicable
09/26/2012

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Term
Matter
Definition
Any substance that occupies spce and has mass
Term
Molecule
Definition
Particle of matter composed of one or more smaller units called atomes
Term
Atom
Definition
Smallest article of a pure substance (element) that still has the chemical properties of that substance; composed of protons, electrons, and neutrons (subatomic particles)
Term
Proton
Definition
Positively charged particle within the nucleus of an atom
Term
Electron
Definition
Negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom
Term
Neutron
Definition
Electrically neutral particle within the nucleus of an atom
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Spherical structure within a cell; a group of neuron cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord; central core of the atom, made up of protons and (sometimes) neutron
Term
Atomic mass
Definition
Combined total number of protons and neutrons in an atom
Term
Atomic number
Definition
Total number of protons in an atom's nucleus; atoms of each element have a characteristic atomic number
Term
Energy level
Definition
Limited region surrounding the nucleus of an atom at a certain distance containing electrons; also called a shell
Term
Element
Definition
Pure substance, composed of only one type of atom
Term
Compound
Definition
Substance whose molecules have more than one kind of element in them
Term
Ionic bond
Definition
Chemical bond formed by the positive- negative attraction between two ions
Term
Dissociate
Definition
When a compound breaks apart in solution
Term
Electrolyte
Definition
substance that ionizes (dissociates to form ions) in solution, rendering the solution capable of conducting an electric current
Term
Covalent bond
Definition
Chemical bond formed when atoms share electrons by overlapping their energy levels (electron shells)
Term
Organic compounds
Definition
Compound whose large molecules contain carbon and that include C-C bonds and/ or C-H bonds
Term
Inorganic compound
Definition
Compound whose molecules do not contain carbon-carbon or carbon-hydrogen bonds
Term
Solvent
Definition
Substance in which other substances are dissolved; for example, in salt water the water is the solvent for salt
Term
Aqueous solution
Definition
Liquid mixture in which water is the solvent; for example, salt water is an aqueous solution because water is the solvent
Term
Dehydration synthesis
Definition
Chemical reaction in which large molecules are formed by removing water from smaller molecules and joining them together
Term
Reactant
Definition
Any substance entering (and being changed by) a chemical reaction
Term
Product
Definition
Any substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
Term
Hydrolsis
Definition
Chemical reaction in which water is added to a large molecule causing it to break apart into smaller molecules
Term
Base 1
Definition
A chemical that when dissolved in water, reduces the relative concentration of H+ irons in the whole solution (sometimes by adding OH- ions)
Term
Base 2
Definition
In the context of nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) base or nitrogen base refers to one part of a nucleotide (sugar, phosphate, and base) that is the basic building block of nucleic acid molecules; possible bases include adenine, thymine, guanine, cytosine, and uracil
Term
Alkaline
Definition
Base; any substance that when dissolve in water, contributes to an excess of OH ions (thus creating a high pH)
Term
pH
Definition
Mathematical expression of relative H+ concentration (acidity); pH value higher than 7 is basic, pH value less than 7 is acidic, pH values equal to 7 is neutral
Term
Carbohydrate
Definition
Organic compounds containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in certain specific proportions (C,H,O in 1:2:1 ratio); for example, sugars, starches, and cellulose
Term
Lipid
Definition
Organic molecule usually composed of glycerol and fatty acid units; types include triglycerides, phospholipids,and cholesterol; a fat, wax, or oil
Term
Nucleic acids
Definition
The two nucleic acids are ribonucleic acid, found in the cytoplasm, and deoxyribonucleic acid, found in the nucleus; made up of units called nucleo tides that each include a phosphate, a five-carbon sugar, and a nitrogen base
Term
Glycogen
Definition
Polysaccharide made up of a chain of glucose (monosaccharide)
Term
Triglyceride
Definition
Lipid that is synthesized from fatty acids and glycerol or from excess glucose or amino; stored mainly in adipose tissue cells
Term
Phospholipid
Definition
Phosphate- containing fat molecule found in cell membranes; one end of the molecule is water-soluble and the other end is lipid-soluble
Term
Cholesterol
Definition
Steroid lipid found in all body cell membranes and in animal fat present in food
Term
Amino acid
Definition
Category of chemical units from which protein molecules are built; essential amino acids are those that must be in the diet but nonessential amino acids can be missing from the diet because they can be made by the body
Term
Peptide bond
Definition
covalent bond linking amino acids within a protein molecule
Term
Enzyme
Definition
A functional protein acting as a biochemical catalyst allowing chemical reactions to take place in a suitable timeframe
Term
Lock-and-key model
Definition
Concept that explains how molecules react when they fit together in a complementary way in the same manner that a key fits into a lock to cause the lock to open or close; the analogy is often used to explain the action of hormones, enzymes, and other biological molecules
Term
Atheroscleosis
Definition
Hardening of the arteries; lipid deposits lining the inside of the arteries
Term
Double helix
Definition
Shape of DNA molecules; a double spiral
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