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Chapter 25 - WWII
Terms from the second world war.
56
History
11th Grade
03/03/2014

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Term
Office of Price Administration
Definition
Wartime agency created to combat inflation thru price controls (inflation leads to greater gov't spending)
Term
Washington Conference (1921)
Definition
Disarmament conference in late 1921-early 1922, first international conference held in the US and the first arms control conference in history
Results in Five, Four, and Nine Power Treaties
Term
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928)
Definition
1928 agreement to outlaw war and settle all future disputes peacefully (major players are Frank Kellogg of the US and Aristide Briand of France)
Term
Dawes Plan (1924)
Definition
Plan made in 1924 to help rescue Germany's economy from hyperinflation (restructures reparations)
Calls for removal of French and Belgian troops from key industrial areas
Term
Young Plan (1929)
Definition
1929 replacement for the Dawes Plan
Reduces reparations to be paid by Germany (meant to help them deal with economic issues, but written before Great Depression - useless afterward)
Term
Henry L. Stimson
Definition
Secretary of State under Hoover, responsible for Hoover-Stimson Doctrine
Term
Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act (1934)
Definition
Gives FDR the ability to change tariff rates and to creates trade agreements Some worry that this upsets the checks and balances
Term
Pan-American Union
Definition
Organization between North and South America to protect each other from enemies (part of "Good Neighbor" policy)
Term
"Good Neighbor" Policy
Definition
Policy against American intervention in the rest of the Western Hemisphere (does away with Roosevelt Corollary)
Term
Nye Committee
Definition
Committee led by Gerald Nye (Repub senator) that investigate role of industrial and banking interests in US entrance into WWI - feel that desire for gains was a major factor
Helps keep the US out of WWII initially
Term
Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, 1937
Definition
Authorize the president to deny companies the right to sell arms to specific belligerent nations
Help support US neutrality
Neutrality Act of 1937 introduces Cash-and-Carry policy
Term
FDR's "Quarantine" speech
Definition
1937 speech that talks about how the aggressors (Japan, Germany, and Italy) need to be quarantined - support for end of trade/blockades
Term
Manchurian Crisis
Definition
Japan attacks Manchuria in September 1931 after detonating TNT near their own RR and blaming the Chinese
Take Manchuria and set up a puppet gov't
In the US, the debate begins over whether to recognize Manchuria as part of Japan
Term
Stimson Doctrine
Definition
Shows US disapproval of Japanese aggression (says the US will not recognize any changes in territory brought about by force)
Term
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere
Definition
Imperial concept developed by Japan during the 1940s (called for unity of the East Asian races - justification for taking Manchuria)
Term
Appeasement
Definition
Tactic used initially in response to German aggression (basically, the idea that if the Germans get one thing that they want, they won't try to take any more territory, prevents war)
Doesn't work at all, ends when Germany takes Poland
Term
Munich Agreement
Definition
Hitler claims that Germany has the right to control Sudetenland (Czech) due to the high population of Germans there
Meets with British PM Neville Chamberlain, French president Edouard Daladier, and Mussolini
Britain and France agree to allow it if Hitler promises not to take more land (apply appeasement); he does so, despite his goal of taking all of Europe
Term
September 1, 1939
Definition
Germany invades Poland with the USSR and France and Britain declare war - WWII begins
Term
Cash and Carry Policy
Definition
Introduced in Neutrality Act of 1937 and continued in 1939
Allows countries to purchase arms (esp. the Allies) if they pay in cash and the transport the arms themselves)
Continuing attempt to remain neutral
Term
Joseph P. Kennedy
Definition
Ambassador to GB in early part of the war and afterward serves as Chairman of the US Securities and Exchange Commission
Term
Neville Chamberlain
Definition
British Prime Minister during the first part of WWII (until 1940)
Term
Committee to Defend America
Definition
Pro-British propaganda group which worked to convince the American people that the US must enter WWII to help Britain
Term
Selective Service Act (1940)
Definition
First peacetime draft ever instituted, sends 1.4 million men into training in preparation for the American entrance into WWII (supposedly for defensive, not offensive, use)
Once the US has entered the war, 1/3 of men examined under this law are rejected (for medical reasons, or because they are illiterate)
Term
Wendell Wilkie
Definition
Opponent of FDR in 1937 (known as a dark horse, since little is known about him)
Roosevelt wins by 5 million popular votes, main weapon is a promise to keep the US out of the war
Term
Lend Lease Act (1941)
Definition
Allow the president to exchange, sell, or lease arms to any country whose defense helps American security (give massive aid to GB)
Also increases the US "security zone," calls for the Coast Guard to seize any German ship entering a US port, and directs US consulates in Germany and Italy to close down
Term
Atlantic Charter
Definition
Product of a secret meeting between Roosevelt and Churchill off the coast of Newfoundland
Provisions become foundation of UN Charter, include no territorial expansion, no territorial changes without inhabitants' consent, self-determination, free trade, cooperation for improvement, and disarmament of all aggressors
Term
December 7, 1941
Definition
Pearl Harbor attack
Term
"A date which will live in infamy!"
Definition
Quote from a speech given by FDR just after Pearl Harbor
Term
War Production Board
Definition
After Pearl Harbor, FDR feels it is necessary to set production goals and this board is created to direct the wartime economy (helps economy finally recover from the Great Depression)
Term
Operation Magic
Definition
American efforts to break Japanese military and diplomatic codes during WWII (joint effort by army and navy special units), key to victory in the Pacific
Term
Joseph Stalin
Definition
Leader of the Soviet Union during WWII
Term
Benito Mussolini
Definition
Italian fascist dictator who seized power in 1922
His regime glorifies war and declares an end to liberty
Ultimately, assassinated by his people and drag through the city streets just before the conquering Allied forced reached the area (moving up from Sicily)
Term
Fascism
Definition
Type of government in which complete allegiance and obedience is expected in all situations and questioning of the government is not allowed - extreme nationalism (doesn't matter what the actual form of gov't is)
Term
Winston Churchill
Definition
British Prime Minister during second part of WWII (from 1940 to 1945) and a key military leader and advisor
Term
Fair Employment Practices Committee
Definition
Meant to hear complaints from blacks about job discrimination, and to take action if a problem occurs
Term
Executive Order 8802
Definition
Bans discrimination against colored workers in the defense industry and the government
Term
A. Philip Randolph
Definition
President of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters and the National Negro Congress, starts the March on Washington movement before the US enters the war
Meant to protest unfair opportunities for jobs and housing - leads to Exec Order 8802
Term
Congress of Racial Equality
Definition
Formed by pacifists in 1942 and stages sit-ins in major cities at restaurants that refuse to serve blacks
Term
Tuskegee Airmen
Definition
All-black air force unit commanded by Benjamin O. Davis, known for being the first black pilots in the American military
Term
National War Labor Board
Definition
Wartime agency created to mediate disputes between management and labor (keeps wartime economy running smoothly), and limit wage increases and therefore inflation
Term
Navajo code talkers
Definition
Idea comes from Dr. Philip Johnston, who was serving in the military and had worked on Navajo reservations - have such a complicated language, which so few people know, that it makes a perfect, unbreakable code
Term
"Zoot Suit" Riots
Definition
Young Mexican Americans in LA wear long coats, baggy pants (drastically different from military uniforms) and are perceived as unpatriotic by soldiers stationed nearby
Riots break out due to this cultural conflict and certain areas of the city are declared off-limits to soldiers, zoot suits are declared illegal
Term
"Rosie the Riveter"
Definition
Symbolized the idea that women must take over factory jobs during the war (meant to inspire them to do so)
Term
Manhattan Project
Definition
Code name for the atomic bomb project, set up in Los Alamos
Term
J. Robert Oppenheimer
Definition
Scientific director of the Manhattan Project, idealism inspires great urgency and helps scientists overcome their moral reservations about such a dangerous weapon
Term
General Leslie Groves
Definition
Officer in the US Army Corps of Engineers, oversaw the building of the Pentagon and the Manhattan Project
Term
Enola Gay
Definition
Air Force plane that dropped the first atomic bomb on Hiroshima
Term
Hiroshima
Definition
First city which was bombed with the new atomic technology, on August 6, 1945
Term
Nagasaki
Definition
Second atomic bombing and what ultimately ended the war in the Pacific
Occurred on August 9, 1945
Term
Executive Order 9066
Definition
Suspends civil rights of Japanese Americans and authorizes their exclusion mainly from CA, OR, WAS, and southern AZ
Term
Internment ("relocation") camps
Definition
Camps into which Japanese Americans are placed after Pearl Harbor and the enactment of Executive Order 9066
Term
Manzanar
Definition
One of the American internment camps, located at the foot of the Sierra Nevada mountains in CA
Term
Korematsu v. US (1944)
Definition
Supreme Court case in which the constitutionality of relocation was held up on the grounds of national security
Term
V-J Day
Definition
End of the war in the Pacific and therefore the end of WWII (European theater had ended earlier)
Term
September 2, 1945
Definition
V-J Day and the end of WWII
Term
Smith Connolly Act
Definition
AKA the War Labor Disputes Act
Created in response to a large mining strike, allows government to seize and operate any industry threatened by a strike - keep strikes from affecting wartime production
Also prohibits unions from making campaign contributions
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