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Chapter 2
Viruses and Bacteria
29
Science
6th Grade
11/04/2007

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Term
What is the difference between asexual and sexual reproduction?
Definition
Asexual reproduction is a procsss that involves only one parent and producess offspring that are indentical to the parent. Sexual reproduction involves two parents who combine genetic material to produce a new organism that differs from both parents.
Term
Tell what the cytoplasm is?
Definition
Jell like material located inside the cell membrane.
Term
Are viruses alive? Why or why not?
Definition
Viruses are not alive because they do not have all six characterics of living cells: they are not cells, they do not grow and develop and they do not respond to their surroundings
Term
What is an organism that lives in or on a host organism and causes harm to the host?
Definition
a Virus
Term
What are different ways to prevent getting diseases?
Definition
1. Vaccines
2. Stay healthy by eating right and washing your hands
3. Avoid contact with infected people, objects and animals
Term
What is a prokaryote?
Definition
a cell that lacks a nucleus
Term
How do infectious diseases get spread (name all and give examples)
Definition
1. contact with an infected person (touching, hugging)
2. Contact with a contaminated object (forks, drinking from the same cup)
3. Contact with an infected animal (rabies from a dog bite)
4. Contact with environmental sources (soil, food, water)
Term
How do you kill bacteria without harming the host cell it is in?
Definition
By using antibiotics which are made from bacteria and fungi
Term
How do you treat an unknown viral disease?
Definition
alot of liquids and bed rest!
Term
What is a vaccine?
Definition
a substance introduced into the body to stimulate the production of chemicals that destroy specific viruses or bacteria
Term
Name three ways bacteria can be helpful to people
Definition
1. prodution of medicines
2. environmental recycling and clean up
3. oxygen and food production
Term
Name five charatectistics of bacteria
Definition
cell wall
cell membrane
cytoplasm
ribosomes
flagellum
Term
What is a decomposer
Definition
bacteria that break down large chemicals in dead organisms into small chemicals
Term
What are the two basic parts of a virus? Explain each.
Definition
Term
What are the characteristics of kingdoms Eubacteria and Archaebacteria?
Definition
Term
What causes tetanus?
Definition
Tetanus is a bacterial disease and it is caued by bacteria called clostridium tetani which uses toxins to cause tetenus
Term
What causes botulism?
Definition
Soil bacteria called clostridium botulinum grows in canned foods and produces toxins causing botulism
Term
What is a baceriophage?
Definition
It is a virus that infects bacteria
Term
Define flagellum
Definition
a long whip like structure extending from the cell membrane that helps a cell move (only in some cells)
Term
What is conjugation and binary fission and what type of sexual reproduction is each?
Definition
Conjugation: when one bacterium transfers some of its genetic material into another bacterium through thin like bridge that connects the two cells (it is sexual reproduction)

Binary Fission: a cell first duplicates its genetic material and then divides into two separate cells (asexual reproduction)
Term
How do bacteria and people get energy from food?
Definition
some bacteria are autotrophs and others are heterotrophs. Respiration is the process that all hetertrophs use to break down food to release energy.
Term
What is the function of a ribosome?
Definition
the ribosomes are chemical facteries where proteins are produced
Term
What is the structure of a virus?
Definition
1. an outer coat that protects the virus and contains the proteins that allow the virus to attachd to certain host cells

2. an inner core made of genetic material
Term
What does a hidden virus do to the host cell?
Definition
a hidden virus invades a host cell and becomes a part of the host cell's genetic material. It stays inactive for a long time, then when it becomes active, it takes over the host cell, produces new viruses, and the host cell breaks open to release new viruses.
Term
Name five things an active virus does to the host
Definition
1. the virus attaches to the host cell
2. the virus injects its genetic material into the host cell
3. the virus takes over the host cell
4. the virus multiplies and creates new viruses in the host cell
5. the viruses burst out of the host cell and go on to infect more cells
Term
How does a virus multiply?
Definition
It enters a host cell, takes over the cells genetic functions and instructs the host cell to produce the virus's proteins and genetic materials, creating more viruses
Term
What are some different shapes of viruses
Definition
round, rod-liked, brick shaped, thread like, bullet shaped
Term
What does bacteria use endospores for?
Definition
to survive harsh conditions (like really hot or really cold). bacteria form endospores to protect the cell until conditions improve
Term
How can bacteria reproduce
Definition
bacteria can reproduce either through sexual reproduction or asexual reproduction
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