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Chapter 2
NEUROSCIENCE AND BEHAVIOR
56
Psychology
11th Grade
04/11/2010

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Term
Biological Psychology
Definition
a branch of psycholohy concerned with the links between biology and behavior.
Term
Neuron
Definition
a nerve cell; the basic building block of the nervous system
Term
Dendrite
Definition
the bushy, branching extentions of a neuron that recieve messages and conduct impulses toward the cell body
Term
Axon
Definition
the extnetion of a neuron, ending in branching terimnal fibers, through which messages pass to other neurons or to muscles or glands
Term
Myelin Sheath
Definition
a layer of fatty tissue segmentally encasinf the fibers of many neurons
Term
action potential
Definition
a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon
Term
threshold
Definition
the level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse
Term
synapse
Definition
the junction between the axon tip of the sending neuron and the dendrite or the cell body of the recieveing neuron. The tiny gap at this junction is called the synaptic gap or cleft.
Term
neurotransmitters
Definition
chemical messengers that travel the synaptic gaps between neurons.
Term
acetylcholine
Definition
a neurotransmitter that among its functions, triggers muscle contraction
Term
endorphins
Definition
"morphine within"-- natural, opiatelike neurotransmitters linked to pain control and to pleasure
Term
nervous system
Definition
the bodys speedy, electrochemical communication system, consisting of all the nerve cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems.
Term
central nervous system
Definition
the brain and spinal cord
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
the sensory and motor neurons that connect the central nervous system to the rest of the body.
Term
nerves
Definition
neural "cables" containing many axons.
Term
sensory neurons
Definition
neurons that carry incoming information form the sense receptors to the central nervous system
Term
interneurons
Definition
central nervous sysytem neurons that internally communicateand intervene between the sensory inputs and outputs.
Term
motor neurons
Definition
neurons that carry outgoing information from the central nervous system to the muscles and glands.
Term
somatic nervous system
Definition
the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles.
Term
automatic nervous system
Definition
the part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the glands and the muscles of internal organs.
Term
sympathetic nervous system
Definition
the division of the automatic nervous system that arouses the body, mobilizing its energy in stressful situations.
Term
parasympatheic nervous system
Definition
the division of the automatic nervous system that calms the body, conserving its energy
Term
reflex
Definition
a simple, automatic, inborn response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response.
Term
neural networks
Definition
interconneted neural cells.
Term
lesion
Definition
tissue destruction
Term
electroencephalogram
Definition
an amplified recording of the waves of electrical activity that sweep across the brain's surface.
Term
CT Scan
Definition
a series of x-ray photographs taken from different angles and combined by computer into a composite representation of a slice through the body
Term
PET scan
Definition
a visual display of the brain activity that detects where radioactive form of glucose goes while the brain preforms a given task
Term
MRI
Definition
a technique that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to produce computer-generated images that distinguish among different types of soft tissue
Term
brainstem
Definition
the oldest part and central core of the brain, beggining where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull; the brainstem is responsible for automatic suvival functions
Term
medulla
Definition
the base of the brainstem; controls heartbeat and breathing
Term
reticular formation
Definition
a nerve network in the brainstem that plays an important role in controlling arousal
Term
thalamus
Definition
the brains sensory switchboard, located on the top of the brainstem; it directs messages to the sensory recieveing areas in the cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla
Term
cerebellum
Definition
the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem
Term
limbic system
Definition
a doughnut-shaped system of neural structures at the boarder of the brainstem and cerebal hemispheres
Term
amygadla
Definition
two almond-shaped neural clusters that are componets of the limbic system and are linked to emotion
Term
hypothalmus
Definition
a neural structure lying below the thalmus; it directs several maintenence activies, helps govern the endocrine system via the pituitary gland, and is linked to emotion.
Term
cerebal cortex
Definition
the intricate fabric of interconnected neural caells that covers the cerebal hemispheres; the body's ultimate control and information-processing center
Term
glial cells
Definition
cells in the nervous system that support, nourish, and protect neurons
Term
frontal lobes
Definition
the protion of the cerebal cortex lying just behindthe forehead
Term
parietal lobes
Definition
the portion of the cerebal cortex lying at the top of the head and toward the rear; includes sensory cortex
Term
occipital lobes
Definition
the portion of the cerebal cortex lying at the back of the head; includes visual areas, which recieve visual information from the opposite visual field
Term
temporal lobes
Definition
the portion of the cerebal cortec lying roughly above the ears; inclueds the auditory areas , each of which recieves auditory information form the opposite ear
Term
motor cortex
Definition
an area of the rear frontal lobes that controls voluntary movements
Term
sensory cortex
Definition
the area at the front of the parietal lobes that registers and processes body sensations
Term
association areas
Definition
areas of the cerebal cortex that are not invloved in primary or sensory motors functions
Term
aphasia
Definition
impairment of language, usually caused by left hemisphere either to Broca's area, or to Wernicke's area
Term
Broca's Area
Definition
controls language expression
Term
Wernicke's Area
Definition
controls language reception
Term
plasticity
Definition
the brain's capacity for modificationm as evident in brrain reorganization following damage and in experiments on the effects of experience on brain development
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
the large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them
Term
split brain
Definition
a condition in which the two hemispheres of the brain are isolated by cutting the connecting fibers between them
Term
endocrine system
Definition
the body's "slow" chemical communication system
Term
hormones
Definition
chemical messengers, mostly those manufactured by the rndocrine system, that are produced in one tissue and affect another
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
Term
pituitary gland
Definition
the endocrine systems most in fluential gland; regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands
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