Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 25
Endocrine and Exocrine Exam IV
120
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
11/18/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Exocrine: Ducts
Definition
Have them
Term
Endocrine: Ducts
Definition
Do not have them
Term
Exocrine: What it secretes
Definition
Secretes fluids, lubricants, and enzymes
Term
Endocrine: What it secretes
Definition
Secrete hormones
Term
Exocrine: Where it secretes
Definition
Onto body surface or into cavity, they travel directly onto target.
Term
Endocrine: Where it secretes
Definition
Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells.
Term
Endocrine: Function
Definition
Regulation, homeostasis
Term
Endocrine system: Overview
Definition
Series of ductless glands that secrete hormones into the circulatory system. Endocrine system is made up of endocrine organs and hormones.
Term
Endocrine system cooperates with....
Definition
Nervous system. Nervous= faster activity, endocrine= slower response but effect usually lasts longer.
Term
Endocrine system: Function overview
Definition
Hormones travel to regions of the body and signal physiological responses.
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
The study of hormones and endocrine glands.
Term
Endocrine organs: Pure endocrine organs
Definition
Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal gland.
Term
Endocrine organs: Organs belonging to other systems
Definition
Pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus.
Term
Endocrine organs: Other organs
Definition
Can secrete hormones too (heart, digestive tract)
Term
Hormones: Classes
Definition
Amino acid (protein), Steroid (lipid)
Term
Hormones: Where they go
Definition
Circulate through bloodstream, leave through capillaries and affect only the target cells.
Term
Hormones: Target cells have... where hormones...
Definition
Receptors, bind
Term
Hormones: What they really are
Definition
Hormones themselves are just triggers which set of preprogrammed responses
Term
Control of Hormone Secretion: 3 major types of stimuli
Definition
Humoral, Neural, and Hormonal
Term
Humoral Stimuli: Function
Definition
Secretion in response to levels of ions or nutrients in the blood
Term
Humoral Stimuli is the .... endocrine.... mechanism
Definition
Simplest, control
Term
Humoral Stimuli: Example
Definition
Parathryoid gland monitors [Ca++] of blood and responds to declines by releasing hormones to increase calcium levels
Term
Neural Stimuli: Function
Definition
Secretion in response to nervous system.
Term
Neural Stimuli: Example
Definition
Sympathetic nerve fibers stimulate the cells in the adrenal medulla to release epinephrine and norepinephrine
Term
Hormonal Stimuli: Function
Definition
Secretion in response to hormones secreted by other glands.
Term
Hormonal Stimuli: Example
Definition
Hypothalamus secretes hormones which stimulate the thyroid, adrenal cortex, and gonads to secrete hormones
Term
Pituitary gland (hypophysis): Composition
Definition
9 major hormones from anterior and posterior lobe.
Term
Pituitary Gland: What it really is
Definition
Two separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis). All are protein hormones.
Term
Pituitary Gland: Size and Shape
Definition
Is a small round structure, 1cm in diameter.
Term
Pituitary Gland: Location
Definition
Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum.
Term
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe location
Definition
Ventral portion under hypothalamus.
Term
Pituitary Gland: Anterior Lobe (adenohypophysis) secretions
Definition
Hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones, or stimulating hormones)
Term
Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Growth hormone (somatotropin)
Definition
Regulates growth of body cells, promotes cell division.
Term
Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Melanocyte
Definition
Causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin.
Term
Secretions of Anterior Lobe: Thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
Regulates thyroid gland, but hypothalamus partially controls.
Term
Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
Promotes functioning of adrenal cortex.
Term
Secretions in the Anterior lobe: Follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
In females it regulates monthly development of follicle and egg, and secretion of estrogen. In males it stimulates testes to create sperm.
Term
Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Luteinizing hormone
Definition
Works together with follicle stimulating hormone. In females helps bring about ovulation, formation of progesterone. In males, it stimulates testosterone development and secretion.
Term
Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Prolactin
Definition
Secreted in both makes and females, but functions more in females after birth- responsible for milk production.
Term
Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Targets
Definition
Other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, glands)
Term
Secretions of the Anterior Lobe: Effects
Definition
Generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, and maturation.
Term
Pituitary Gland: How adenohypophysis is controlled.
Definition
Anterior lobe is controlled by the hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors)
Term
Pituitary Gland: Chain of control
Definition
The hypothalamus controls the adenohypophysis, which controls the thyroid gland, adrenal cortex, and gonads.
Term
Pituitary Gland Posterior Lobe (neurohypophysis) location
Definition
Dorsal, is considered part of the brain-has nervous tissue.
Term
Pituitary Gland Neurohypophysis: Secretion
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone of vasopressin, oxytocin.
Term
Pituitary Gland Neurophypophysis: AHD target/effects
Definition
Kidney-helps retains water (decrease urine flow) Blood vessels-constricts (increases BP)
Term
Pituitary Gland Neurophypophysis: Oxytocin target/effects
Definition
Uterus=contractions, delivery. Breasts=lactation.
Term
Thyroid Gland: Location
Definition
In the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx-just below Adam's apple. Wraps around front of trachea, has two lobes connected by the isthmus-and many blood vessels around it.
Term
Thyroid Gland: Secretions
Definition
Thyroid hormone (TH)- 2 similar hormones. Thyroxine=T4, Triiodothyronine=T3.
Term
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone: Peptide hormone
Definition
Contains iodine, which is needed for function.
Term
Thyroid Gland: Thyroid Hormone: Target
Definition
Almost all body tissues to increase basal metabolic rate.
Term
Thyroid Gland: Secretion: Calcitonin
Definition
Targets bones, retains calcium, inhibits osteoclasts (decreases blood calcium, keeps calcium in bones)
Term
Thyroid Gland: Activation
Definition
Pituitary gland releases thyroid stimulating hormone, which signals release of thyroid hormone.
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Location
Definition
4 tiny glands, superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of the posterior thyroid.
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Secretion
Definition
Parathyroid hormone, protein hormone made by chief cells.
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Bone effect
Definition
Increases calcium release (increases osteoclast activity-opposite effect of calcitonin.
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Small intestine effect
Definition
Increases Ca absorption (by activating Vitamin D)
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Targets
Definition
Bone, small intestine, kidneys.
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Kidneys effects
Definition
decreases Ca excretion
Term
Parathyroid Glands: Net effect
Definition
Increases calcium in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones.
Term
Adrenal Glands: Location
Definition
Superior to kidneys
Term
Adrenal Glands: Composition
Definition
Adrenal Cortex, Adrenal Medulla.
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Overview
Definition
Bulk of gland, controlled by adrenocorticotropic hormone from adrenohypophysis.
Term
Adrenal Cortex secretes over...hormones called...
Definition
30, corticosteroids
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Location
Definition
Cortex (outer portion)
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Secretions
Definition
2 classes: Mineralcorticoids and glucocorticoids.
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Secretions: Aldosterone
Definition
mineralocorticoid that targets the kidney (increases Na retention and water follows increasing blood volume)
Term
Adrenal Cortex: Secretions: Cortisol
Definition
Glucocorticoid that targets the liver and muscles (increasing glucose metabolism)
Term
Adrenal Medulla: Location
Definition
Inside portion of adrenal gland
Term
Adrenal Medulla: Control
Definition
Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
Term
Adrenal Medulla: Secretion
Definition
Epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
Term
Adrenal Medulla: Target
Definition
All sympathetic target organs
Term
Adrenal Medulla: Effects
Definition
reinforces sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts 10 times longer- fight or flight response.
Term
Pineal Gland: Shape
Definition
Like a pine cone
Term
Pineal Gland: Function
Definition
Not well understood in humans
Term
Pineal Gland: Location
Definition
Roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain. Basically is straight back from the eyes.
Term
Pineal Gland: Secretion
Definition
Melatonin
Term
Pineal Gland: Target
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
Pineal Gland: Effect
Definition
Helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep. Increases secretion in dark.
Term
Pancreas: Overview
Definition
Is BOTH an endocrine and exocrine gland.
Term
Pancreas: Location
Definition
Posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it)
Term
Pancreas: Secretions (protein hormones)
Definition
Pancreatic islets, Glucagon, Insulin.
Term
Pancreas: Secretions: Pancreatic islets
Definition
(islets of Langerhans) are responsible for endocrine function-2 types (alpha, beta)
Term
Pancreas: Secretions: Glucagon
Definition
Helps to release fuel into bloodstream-comes from alpha islet cells.
Term
Pancreas: Secretions: Insulin
Definition
Helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases amount in bloodstream) comes from beta islet cells. Thus insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect.
Term
Pancreas: Target/effects
Definition
Glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen.
Term
Thymus: Location
Definition
Farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum (base of neck) - in front of aorta, behind sternum.
Term
Thymus: Secretion
Definition
Thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin)-peptide hormone.
Term
Thymus: Target
Definition
Lymphoid tissues (especially nodes)
Term
Thymus: Effect
Definition
Increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells- helps maintain immunity- gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty.
Term
Gonads: Two types
Definition
Ovaries, testes.
Term
Ovaries: Location
Definition
Upper pelvic cavity, one of each side of uterus.
Term
Ovaries: Secretion
Definition
Not purely endocrine gland- also produces egg cells, estrogen, progesterone (steroids)
Term
Ovaries: Estrogen target/effect
Definition
most body tissues, growth and development, sex drive.
Term
Ovaries: Progesterone target/effect
Definition
Uterus, endometrial proliferation in pregnancy (preparing uterus for implantation)
Term
Testes: Location
Definition
Scrotum
Term
Testes: Secretions
Definition
Androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
Term
Testes: Overview
Definition
Not purely endocrine-produces sperm.
Term
Testes: Targets/Effects
Definition
Most body tissues-growth and development, sex drive.
Term
Gonads: Feature ovaries and testes share
Definition
Both sex steroid groups are produced in BOTH sexes (recall adrenal cortex also produces both)
Term
Heart: Atrial Natriuertic Peptide
Definition
Decreases excess blood volume, high BP, and high sodium concentration- stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion.
Term
GI Tract (stomach, intestines) Secretions
Definition
Gastrin, Secretin, Cholecystokinin, Gastroinhibitory peptide.
Term
GI Tract: Gastrin
Definition
Released by stomach-stimulates HCl.
Term
GI Tract: Secretin
Definition
Released by small intestine- stimulates water and bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice.
Term
GI Tract: Cholecystokinin
Definition
Released by small intestine- stimulates gall bladder, pancreatic juices.
Term
GI Tract: Gastroinhibitory Peptide
Definition
Released by small intestine- inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion.
Term
GI Tract: Target/effect
Definition
Secretions and activity of GI tract.
Term
Placenta
Definition
Influences pregnancy
Term
Kidneys function and target/effect
Definition
Secrete erythropoietin- red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production.
Term
Skin
Definition
Precursor to vitamin D, is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (vitamin D is fully activated by liver), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bone)
Term
Pituitary Gland Disorders
Definition
Gigantism, Acromegaly
Term
Gigantism
Definition
Tumor causes hyper secretion of growth hormone in children.
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
Excessive growth hormone secretion after epiphyseal growth plates fuse (enlargement of hands, feet, or face)
Term
Pancreas Disorder: Diabetes Mellitus
Definition
Insufficient insulin OR inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high)
Term
Type I diabetes
Definition
Need insulin injected.
Term
Type II diabetes
Definition
"Adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity.
Term
Thyroid Disorders
Definition
Graves' disease, Hypothyroidism, Goiter.
Term
Thyroid Disorder: Graves' Disease
Definition
Over secretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating, etc.)
Term
Thyroid Disorder: Hypothyroidism
Definition
Hyposecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, etc.
Term
Thyroid Disorder: Goiter
Definition
Enlarged thyroid glans due to lack of iodine.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!