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Chapter 24: Body's Defenses
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48
Biology
Undergraduate 2
05/12/2014

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Term
Inflammatory Response
Definition
coordinated set of nonspecific responses that tissues follow when they become infected
Term
Histamine
Definition
released by injured cells, causes blood vessels to dilate during inflammatory response
Term
Prostaglandin
Definition
increases blood flow to wounded area, causes wound to become red and warm
Term
Pyrogen
Definition
stimulates fever which discourages bacterial growth
Term
Lyphatic System
Definition
~Fluid lost through spaces between cells - up to 4L/day

~Fluid enters lymphatic system by diffusion (becoming lymph)

~Lymph drains back into circulatory system near the heart
Term
Lymph nodes
Definition
play a role in body’s immune system by preparing for attacks against bacteria and viruses

~harbor wbc’s which multiply
during infection
Term
Immune system
Definition
large collection of cells that work together to present an immune response against infection

**Total of two trillion immune cells in blood-stream and lymphatic system
Term
Antigen
Definition
foreign substance in the body (bacterium, virus, etc.) that triggers an immune response

~Usually presented as molecules on the surface of foreign objects
Term
Antibody
Definition
protein found in blood plasma that attaches to a specific kind of antigen in order to counter its effect

~Specific response against a specific antigen
Term
Immunity
Definition
resistance to specific invaders
Term
Vaccination
Definition
introduction of the immune system to a vaccine containing a harmless variant of an infectious agent
Term
Active Immunity
Definition
body is actively stimulated to produce antibodies for its own defense
Term
Passive Immunity
Definition
body acquires anti-bodies pre-made

~Temporary – no antigen to stimulate anti-body production
Term
Natural infection
Definition
How is IMMUNITY acquired?
Term
unnatural infection
Definition
How is a VACCINATION acquired?
Term
natural infection/vaccination
Definition
How is ACTIVE IMMUNITY acquired?
Term
fetus from mother via umbilical cord or antivenin for snakebites
Definition
How is PASSIVE IMMUNITY acquired?
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
wbc’s most often found in the lymphatic system, responsible for producing the immune response
Term
B Cells
Definition
originate in bone marrow
Term
T Cells
Definition
travel to the thymus
Term
Humoral Immune Response
Definition
B cells secrete antibodies against bacteria and viruses present in body fluids

~B cells are carried in lymph and blood to the sites of infection
Term
Cell-mediated immune response
Definition
T cells work against infections caused by fungi and protozoans and protect against cancer

~carried in lymph and blood, stimulating phagocytosis and B-cells to produce antibodies
Term
Clonal Selection
Definition
production of a line of genetically identical cells (clones) that recognize and attack specific antigens that stimulated their production

~Capability due to the immune system’s specificity and memory of antigens
Term
Primary Immune Response
Definition
first exposure of lymphocyte to antigen, taking several days to produce clonal immune cells

~Antibodies reach their peak about two weeks after exposure, then decline

~Effector cell’s life span = 4 – 5 days
Term
Memory cells
Definition
lymphocytes that can persist for decades in the lymph nodes, ready for immediate activation after second exposure
Term
secondary immune response
Definition
second exposure of lymphocyte to antigen, initiates a faster and stronger response

~Activated memory cells multiply quickly producing a large clone of lymphocytes

~Effector cell’s life span = in some cases, lifetime immunity
Term
T Cells
Definition
respond to pathogens already in body cells (cell-mediated response)
Term
1. Helper T-cells
2. Cytotoxic T-cells
Definition
What are the 2 types of T Cells?
Term
1. Bind to WBC’s with antigen
2. Identify targets by binding complexes
3. Grow and divide producing more cells & memory cells
4. Activate humoral immune response
Definition
4 Roles of Helper T Cells?
Term
1. Kill other body cells
2. Identify targets by binding complexes
Definition
2 Roles of Cytotoxic T Cells?
Term
Allergies
Definition
abnormal sensitivities to antigens in the environment
Term
Antigens
Definition
Allergies =
Term
Anaphylactic shock
Definition
especially dangerous type of allergic reaction resulting in a sudden release of inflammatory chemicals

~Blood vessels dilate resulting in a fatal drop in blood pressure → shock

~Can be countered with epinephrine
Term
Immunodeficiency disease
Definition
condition in which an individual lacks one or more components of the immune system

~Results in susceptibility to infections that are normally not problematic

~Severe Combined Immunodeficiency (SCID)
Term
Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)
Definition
destroys immune system (helper T-cells), leaving body defenseless against infections
Term
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Definition
family of genes that encode a large set of cell-surface proteins that function in antigen presentation

~Can trigger a T-cell response
Term
Autoimmune diseases
Definition
immune system fails to recognize cells as belonging to “self” and turns against body’s own cells
Term
1. skin
2. mucous membranes
3. mucus
4. cilia
Definition
What are 4 Physical barriers of First Line: External Barriers?
Term
to prevent infecttion
Definition
What is the Function of Physical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers?
Term
1. Sweat, saliva, tears – antimicrobials
2. Glands (oil, acid)
3. Stomach (acid)
4. Urinary tract (urine flushing)
Definition
What are 4 Chemical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers?
Term
to prevent infection
Definition
What is the function of Chemical Barriers of First Line: External Barriers?
Term
1. White Blood Cells (WBCs)
2. Phagocytic WBC’s (macrophages)
3. Natural Killer (NK) cells
Definition
What are the 3 Physical Barriers of Second Line: Internal Barriers?
Term
White Blood Cells (WBCs)
Definition
circulate through blood-stream & interstitial fluid, engulfing foreign invaders, infected body cells, dead cell debris
Term
Phagocytic WBC’s (macrophages)
Definition
engulf bacteria, viruses in infected tissues
Term
Natural Killer (NK) cells
Definition
attack virus-infected cells and cancer cells
Term
1. Interferons
2. Complement Proteins
Definition
What are 2 Chemical Barriers of Second Line: Internal Barriers?
Term
interferons
Definition
proteins produced by virus-infected cells help healthy cells resist viruses
Term
Complement Proteins
Definition
circulating proteins that coat surfaces of microbes,making it easier for macrophages to find and engulf them
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