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Chapter 2
The Cell: Structure and Function
35
Physiology
Undergraduate 1
01/20/2010

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Cards

Term

What are the four kinds biological macromolecules

Definition

Carbohydrates Carbon Hydrogen Oxygen 1:2:1 ration

Term
What is the most common monosaccharide
Definition
Glucose
Term
Common disaccharides
Definition
sucrose and lactose
Term
Common polysaccharides
Definition

glycogen

cellulose

starch

 

They are all polymers of glucose

Term
Lipids
Definition
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Eicosanoids
Steroids
Term
Do Lipids dissolve in water
Definition
no - they are non polar covalent bonds
Term
Proteins
Definition

Polymers of amino acids

 

 

Term
Multimeric Proteins
Definition
Sometimes more than one amino acid chain come together to make a protein these are called
Term

Phospholipids

Definition

3-carbon glycerol

2 fatty acid tails (non-polar)

A head region that is polar and contails a phosphate group

 

Major component of plasma membranes (microchrondia)

Term
Two types of Eicosanoids
Definition
prostaglandins - involved in the inflammatory response thromboxanes - involved in blood clotting
Term
What molecule is a modified fatty acid and acts as a signaling molecule
Definition
Eicosanoid
Term
Steroids
Definition

Structure base on cholsterol

Some are components of plasma membranes

Some function as signaling molecules

Term
Nucleotids
Definition

ATP,NAD,FAD,cAMP, and cGMP

 

function in energy storage

 

build nucleic acids (A,C,G,T and U)

Term
Nucleic acids
Definition

DNA and RNA

 

chains (or double chains, in the case of DNA) of nucleotides

Term
Transcription
Definition
a gene in DNA copied into the form of an mRNA chain
Term
Translation
Definition
mRNA translated to an amino acid chain
Term
Amphipathic
Definition
a molecule that contains both polar and nonpolar regions
Term
Gene Expression
Definition
The determination of which proteins are made in a cell depends on control of this process
Term
Which lipid is an amphipthic structure
Definition
phospholipis - contains two fatty acids and a phosphate group attached to the third carbon of glycerol. The two fatty acids form tail region which is nonpolar and the head region is polar
Term
Monosaccharides
Definition
simple sugars, composed of a single unit
EX: glucose
Term
Controlling gene expression means controlling what
Definition
which genes in the DNA get transcribed into mRNA, so that the correxponding proteins are produced in the cell
Term
Plasma membrane
Definition
Maintains boundary of cell and integrity of cell structure; embedded proteins serve multiple functions
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Houses DNA which dictates sellular function and protein synthesis
Term
Nucleolus
Definition
Synthesis of ribosomal RNA
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
ATP synthesis
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Protein synthesis
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Post-translational processing; packaging and sorting of proteins
Term
Anabolism
Definition
the synthesis of large molecules from smaller molecules, which requires an input of energy
Term
Catabolism
Definition
the breakdown of large molecules to smaller molecules, which releases energy
Term
What are the steps of protein synthesis
Definition
1) DNA is transcribed according to the genetic code to form a complementry mRNA in teh nucleus
2) mRNA moves from teh nucleus to the cytoplasm
3) mRNA is translated by ribosomes to form the correct amino acid sequence of the protein in the cytoplasm
Term
Where does translation occurr
Definition
cytoplasm in associatin with ribosomes
Term
Cell cycle
Definition
interphase and cell division
Term
Interphase
Definition
is the period between cell divisions; mitosis and cytokinesis make up the process of cell division
Term
During what phase is DNA replicated
Definition
S phase
Term
What are the five phases of mitosis
Definition
prophase
prometaphase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
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