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Chapter 2
Inflammation
33
Pathology
Undergraduate 2
02/12/2011

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Term
a body defenses:

nonspecific:
Definition
*mechanical borders
*chemical actions
*phagocytosis
*fever
*inflammation
Term
five signs of inflammation
Definition
-pain (dolor)
-redness (rubor)
-heat (calor)
-swelling (tumor)
-impaired function (functio laesa)
Term
a body defenses:

specific
Definition
*immunity

-cell mediated (='cytoxic')
-antibody-mediated (='humoral')
Term
inflammation
Definition
the body's non-specific response to injury
Term
inflammatory:
noninflammatory:
Definition
ends in -itis
ends in -osis
Term
inflammation:
vascular response
Definition
fibrin separates the pathogen (capsule around site of injury
^
fluids dilute toxins
^
shift of the blood proteins and fluid into interstitial space
^
hyperemia and increased capillary permeability
^
vasodilation
^
tranitory vasoconstriction
^
injury
Term
inflammation:
chemical response
Definition
monocytes and macophages seep from the blood (diapedesis) and remove the pathogen. lysosomal enzymes kill healthy cells of the tissue and prolong inflammation.
^
first come neutrophils (PMNs)
^
locally-attract lymphocytes and macrophages (chemotaxis)
^
promote fever (pyrogenes)
^
through the blood to hypothalamus
^
histamine (immediately), serotonin, prostaglandins (PGs in a period of time), leukotrienes
^
cemical mediators from mast cells and platelets are released
^
injury
Term
inflammation:
local signs and symptoms
Definition
*redness-hypermia

*heat-increased local metabolism, and hyperemia

*swelling-interstitial shift of fluids and protein

*pain-receptors: pressure and chemical mediators

*loss of function: an injured tissue can not function properly.
Term
fever
Definition
pyrexia
Term
inflammation:

local signs and symptoms
Definition
*exudate
Term
types of exudate
Definition
*serous
*fibrinous
*purulent
*an abscess
*hemorrhagic
Term
serous
Definition
watery, has little prtein and WBCs. Occurs in allergy or burns etc.) aseptic (without microorganisms)
Term
fibrinous
Definition
thick and sticky

-large number of cells and fibrin. increase risk of scarring.
-pre-purulent
Term
purulent
Definition
-PUS

-thick, yello/green, somethings with malodorous smell; a lot of WBCs, cell debris, and microorganisms
Term
abscess
Definition
localized, encapsulated pockey of pus in a solid tissue
Term
hemorrhagic
Definition
with blood, when blood vessels are eroded.
Term
inflammation

systemic signs and symptoms:
Definition
*malaise, fatigue
*mild fever (pyrexia)
*headache
*anorexia
Term
fever (pyrexia)
Definition
-impairs growth and reproduction of bacteria caused by pyrogens (IL-1) from WBCs and macrophages
-body temperature reaches a new setting
Term
leukocytosis
Definition
a white blood cell count greater than 11,000 per mm3
Term
ESR elevated
Definition
erythrocyte sedimentation rate (nonspecific signs of inflammation)
Term
CRP
Definition
C-reactive protein (CRP) test is a blood test that measures the amount of a protein called C-reactive protein in your blood. If high after 3 days, infection is present.

-nonspecific
Term
differential leukocyte count
Definition
*eosinophilia: allergic inflammtion, parasitic infestation

*lymphocytosis: TB etc. (chronic inflammation)
Term
diagnostics of inflammation:
Definition
*leukocytosis
*esr elevated
*crp increased
*differential leukocyte count
*increased plasma proteins (fibrogen, prothrombin, etc.
*presence or increase of cell enzymes
*impaired function of internal organs
Term
diagnostics of inflammation:
Definition
*cell isoenzymes may be present in blood (specific for organ under going inflammation):

-ALT of liver; AST for liver and myocardium
-alkaline phosphatase-from pancreas
Term
course of acute inflammation:
Definition
subsiding with no or little consequences
*progression with significant tissue damage
-leads to ulceration (erosion)
-infection
-skeletal muscle spams due to physical damage or mediator stimulation
-chronic inflammation
Term
chronic inflammation
Definition
*cells: lympthocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts
*less exudate or other sign of inflammation, but more tissue damage over longer period of time
*more fibrosis or scar tissure formed
*granuloma formation
Term
treatment: anti-inflammatory medication
Definition
*reduce prostagladin (Pg) production
*reduce pain (anagletic effect)
*reduce ever (antipyretic effect)
*aspirin or celebrex OR corticosteroids (glcucorticoids, cortisol-human body's steroid)
Term
etiological treatment:
Definition
*antibodies
*surgical removal of the inflamed organ
*RICE -'rest, ice, compression, elevation'
Term
inflammation healing:

resolution:
Definition
complete restoration of the intial tissue structure at the site of injury and inflammation
Term
inflammation healing:

regeneration:
Definition
healing with a minimal tissue damage. some scarring (fibrosis) will be present.
Term
inflammation healing:

complete fibrosis
Definition
replacement with scar tissue (connective tissue)
Term
inflammation, healing by first intention:
Definition
*when the wound is clean
*less granulation tissue
*much less scar tissue
*clean sugical incisions
Term
inflammation, healing by second intention
Definition
*injury and inflammation
*granulation tissue and epithelial growth
*large scare remains
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