Term
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Definition
| the special molecular groups or accessory molecules that bind to organic compounds |
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Term
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Definition
| carbon has 4 electrons in its outer ring to be shared with other atoms through _____ bonding |
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Term
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Definition
| organic compounds produced by living things |
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Term
carbohydrates
proteins
lipids
nucleic acids |
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Definition
| four types of biochemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| biochemicals are often very large molecules known as __________ |
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Term
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Definition
| all macromolecules except ____ are formed by polymerization |
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Term
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Definition
| a process by which repeating subunits (monomers) are bound into chains (polymers) |
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Term
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Definition
| amino acids are ______ that compose proteins |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer of amino acids is a ______ |
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Term
| carbon (carbo) - water (hydrate) |
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Definition
| most carbohydrates are made up of a combination of ____ and _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| in addition to C and H2O, some carbohydrates also contain atoms of ______ or _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple carbohydrate that has a sweet taste |
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Term
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Definition
| a simple polyhydroxy aldehyde or ketone molecule containing from 3-7 carbons |
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Term
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Definition
| a combination of two monosaccharides |
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Term
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Definition
| a polymer of five or more monosaccharides in linear or branched chain patterns |
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Term
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Definition
| hexoses are composed of ______ |
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Term
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Definition
pentoses are composed of ______
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Term
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Definition
| the mose common and universally important hexose |
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Term
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Definition
| glucose is made up of __ carbons |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the subunits of disaccharides and polysaccharides are linked by _____ |
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Term
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Definition
| bond by which carbons on adjacent sugar units are bonded to the same oxygen atom like links of a chain |
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Term
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Definition
| polysaccharides are formed through a reaction called ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| ______, ______, and ____ are all polymers of glucose |
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Term
| how the glucoses are bonded together |
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Definition
| the differences between starch, cellulose, and glycogen are caused by ___ |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell walls in plants and algae derive their strength and rigidity from _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| a special class of compounds in which polysaccharides are linked to peptide fragments |
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Term
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Definition
| the cell wall of gram-negative bacteria also contain ________, a complex of lipid and polysaccharide responsible for s/s of fever and shock |
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Term
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Definition
| lipopolysaccharides are a component of the cell wall of ______ bacteria |
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Term
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Definition
| "sugar coating" composed of polysaccharides that covers the outer surface of many cells |
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Term
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Definition
| functions in attachment to other cells or as a site for receptors(surface molecules that receive external stimuli or act as binding sites) |
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Term
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Definition
| small _____ _____ account for the differences in human blood types |
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Term
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Definition
| carbohydrates are a component of these large protein molecules |
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Term
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Definition
| viruses have ______ on their surfaces with which they bind to and invade cells |
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Term
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Definition
| breaking the bond between two glucose molecules is called _______ because it requires a molecule of H2O |
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Term
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Definition
| the primary storage food of green plants, microscopic algae, and some fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| a stored carbohydrate for animals and certain groups of bacterian and protozoa |
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Term
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Definition
| an operational term for a variety of substances that are not soluble in polar solvents such as water but will disolve in nonpolar substances (benzene, chloroform) |
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Term
| hydrocarbon (H-C) - nonpolar |
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Definition
| lipids are composed of long _____ chains that are _____ and hydrophobic |
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Term
triglycerides
phospholipids
steroids
waxes |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| fats and oils are included in the ______ group of lipids |
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Term
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Definition
| triglycerides are composed of a single molecule of _____ bound to three fatty acids |
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Term
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Definition
| a 3 carbon alcohol with 3 OH groups that serve as binding sites |
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Term
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Definition
| long chain hydrocarbon molecules with a carboxyl group at one end that is free to bind with gylcerol |
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Term
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Definition
| in a triglyceride, the ____ group of the fatty acid binds with glycerol |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| if there is at least one C=C bond in a fatty acid chain, it is considered _______ because it is missing a __ |
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Term
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Definition
| a class of lipids that serves as a major structural component of cell membranes |
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Term
| two - glycerol - phosphate |
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Definition
| phospholipids are composed of ___ fatty acid chains attached to a _____ and the third glycerol binding site holds a _______ group |
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Term
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Definition
| the phosphate group of a phospholipid is always bonded to an ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the phosphate head of a phospholipid is ____ which attracts it to water and the tail is _____ which repels water |
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Term
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Definition
| complex ringed compounds commonly found in cell membranes and animal hormones |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sterol that reinforces the structure of the cell membrane in animal cells and in mycoplasms |
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Term
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Definition
| cell-wall deficient bacteria whos structure is reinforced by cholesterol |
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Term
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Definition
| sterol that is present in the cell membranes of fungi |
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Term
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Definition
| fatty acid derivatives found in trace amounts that function in inflammatory and allergic reactions, blood clotting, and smooth muscle contraction |
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Term
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Definition
an ester formed between a long-chain alcohol and a saturated fatty acid
- soft when warm and hard at room temp |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ ____ have a basic skeleton consisting of a C linked to an amino group (NH2), a carboxyl group (COOH), a H atom, and a variable R group |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| covalent bond that forms between the amino group on one amino acid and the carboxyl group on another |
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Term
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Definition
| a molecule composed of short chains of amino acids di=2 tri=3 tetra=4 |
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Term
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Definition
| a peptide that contains an unspecified number of AA but ussually more than 20 |
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Term
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Definition
| smaller subunit of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a protein ussually contains a minimum of ___ amino acids |
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Term
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Definition
the type, number, and order of amino acids in the chain
- varies extensively from protein to protein |
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Term
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Definition
| arises when various functional groups exposed on the outer surface of the molecule interact by forming hydrogen bonds (how it folds) |
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Term
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Definition
| third degree of torsion created by additional bonds between functional groups |
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Term
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Definition
| more than one polypeptide forms a large, multiunit protein |
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Term
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Definition
| serves as the catalyst for all chemical reactions in cells, and nearly every reaction requires a different one |
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Term
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Definition
| complex glycoproteins with specific regions of attachment for bacteria, viruses, and other microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| the functional 3-D form of a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| of the native state of a protein is disrupted, it is said to be ______ |
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Term
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Definition
the master computer of cells
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Term
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Definition
| contains special coded genetic program with detailed and specific instructions for each organisms heredity |
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Term
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Definition
| ____ transfers the details of its program to ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| helper molecule responsible for carrying out DNA's instructions and translating DNA program into proteins that can perform life functions |
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Term
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Definition
| both RNA and DNA are polymers of repeating units called _____ |
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Term
nitrogen base
pentose
phosphate |
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Definition
| a nucleotide is composed of these three components |
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Term
| purines (two rings) - pyrimidines (one ring) |
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Definition
| the nitrogen base of a nucleotide is a cyclic compound that comes in these two forms |
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Term
| adenine (A) - guanine (G) |
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Definition
| two types of purines that may be found in the nitrogen base of a nucleotide |
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Term
| thymine (T) cytosine (C) uracil(U) |
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Definition
| three types of pyrimidines that may be found in the nitrogen base of a nucleotide |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA contains all of the nitrogen bases except ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA contains all of the nitrogen base except ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the nitrogen base is covalently bonded to the sugar _____ in RNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the nitrogen base is covalently bonded to the sugar _____ in DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| the backbone of a nucleic strand is a chain of alternating _________ |
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Term
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Definition
| the _____ branch of the phosphate-sugar backbone of the nucleic strand |
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Term
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Definition
| adenine ordinarily pairs with _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| thymine ordinarilly pairs with _______ |
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Term
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Definition
| guanine ordinarilly pairs with ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| cytosine ordinarilly pairs with ________ |
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Term
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Definition
| nitrogen bases are attracted to each other because each pair shares oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen atoms exactly positioned to align perfectly for ______ |
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Term
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Definition
| DNA molecules are ussually extremely ____ |
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Term
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Definition
| RNA is a _____ ____ containing ribose sugar instead of deoxyribose and ______ instead of thymine |
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Term
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Definition
| three major types of RNA are important for ______ |
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Term
messenger (mRNA)
transfer (tRNA)
ribosomal (rRNA) |
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Definition
| three major types of RNA important for protein synthesis |
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Term
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Definition
| a copy of a gene that provides the order and type of amino acid in a protein |
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Term
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Definition
| a single functional part of the DNA |
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Term
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Definition
| a carrier that delivers the correct amino acids for protein assembly |
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Term
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Definition
| a major component of ribosomes |
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Term
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Definition
| a relative of RNA that is involved in completely different activity |
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Term
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Definition
| a nucleotide containing adenine, ribose, and three phosphates rather than just one |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP gives off energy when the bond is broken between the ___ and ____ (outermost) phosphate |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP serves to ____ and ____ energy for cellular chemical reactions |
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Term
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Definition
| breakage of the terminal bond of ATP releases _____ for cell work and creates ADP |
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