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Chapter 23&24
AP US-DUNCAN
75
History
12th Grade
01/17/2012

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
The Republicans nominated ___________ for the presidency in 1868.
Definition
General Grant
Term
The Republican Party supported the continuation of_________________, while Grant stood on the platform of "just having peace."
Definition
the Reconstruction of the South
Term
The Democrats nominated _________
Definition
Horatio Seymour
Term
______ won the election of 1868
Definition
Grant
Term
_____ & _______ devised a plot to drastically raise the price of the gold market in 1869. On "Black Friday," September 24, 1869, the two bought a large amount of gold, planning to sell it for a profit.
Definition
Jim Fisk and Jay Gould
Term
_________ employed bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections to milk New York of as much as $200 million. He was eventually put into prison.
Definition
"Boss" Tweed
Term
The __________ scandal erupted in 1872 when Union Pacific Railroad insiders formed the Credit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at inflated prices to build the railroad line, earning high dividends. When it was found out that government officials were paid to stay quiet about the illicit business, some officials were censured.
Definition
Credit Mobilier
Term
In response to disgust of the political corruption in Washington and of military Reconstruction, the ______________ was formed in 1872.
Definition
Liberal Republican Party
Term
The Liberal Republican Party met in Cincinnati and chose ____________ as their presidential candidate for the election of 1872. The Democratic Party also chose him as their candidate.
Definition
Horace Greeley
Term
________ won the election of 1872.
Definition
Grant
Term
The Liberal Republicans caused the Republican Congress to pass a _______________ in 1872; removing political disabilities from most of the former Confederate leaders. Congress also reduced high ___________ and gave mild civil-service reform to the Grant administration.
Definition
general amnesty act;Civil War tariffs
Term
Over-speculating was the primary cause to the _____________; too much expansion had taken place. Too many people had taken out loans of which they were unable to pay back due to lack of profit from where they had invested their money.
Definition
panic of 1873
Term
Due to popular mistrust of illegitimate dealings in the government, inflation soon depreciated the value of the __________.
Definition
greenback
Term
Supported by advocates of hard money (coin money), the ____________ required the government to continue to withdraw greenbacks from circulation and to redeem all paper currency in gold at face value beginning in 1879.
Definition
Resumption Act of 1875
Term
the reduction of greenbacks, was known as ___________.
Definition
contraction
Term
__________ tended to stress strict codes of personal morality and believed that the government should play a role in regulating the economic and the moral affairs of society
Definition
Republican voters
Term
Many Republican votes came from the _________, a politically active fraternal organization of many Union veterans of the Civil War.
Definition
Grand Army of the Republic
Term
___________ were immigrant Lutherans and Roman Catholics who believed in toleration of differences in an imperfect world. They also opposed the government imposing a single moral standard on the entire society.
Definition
Democrats
Term
A "Stalwart" faction led by ___________ supported the system of swapping civil-servant jobs for votes
Definition
Roscoe Conkling
Term
"Spoils system" Opposed to the Stalwarts were the Half-Breeds, led by __________.
Definition
James G. Blaine.
Term
The Republicans chose ___________ as their presidential candidate for the election of 1876. The Democrats chose _________.
Definition
Rutherford B. Hayes;Samuel J. Tilden
Term
________________, passed by Congress in 1877, set up an electoral commission consisting of 15 men selected from the Senate, the House of Representatives, and the Supreme Court.
Definition
The Electoral Count Act (Compromise of 1877)
Term
_____________________ supposedly guaranteed equal accommodations in public places and prohibited racial discrimination in jury selection. The Supreme Court ended up ruling most of the Act unconstitutional, declaring that the 14thAmendment only prohibited government violations of civil rights, not the denial of civil rights by individuals.
Definition
The Civil Rights Act of 1875
Term
Through the ___________ system, small farmers who rented out land from the plantation owners were kept in perpetual debt and forced to continue to work for the owners.
Definition
"crop-lien"
Term
Eventually, state-level legal codes of segregation known as ____________ were enacted. The Southern states also enacted literacy requirements, voter-registration laws, and poll taxes to ensure the denial of voting for the South's black population.
Definition
Jim Crow laws
Term
The Supreme Court ruled in favor of the South's segregation in the case of ___________, declaring that separate but equal facilities for blacks were legal under the 14th Amendment.
Definition
Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896)
Term
Following the panic of 1873 and the resulting depression, _________ workers went on strike after their wages were cut by President Hayes. The strike failed, exposing the weakness of the labor movement.
Definition
railroad
Term
People of the West Coast attributed declining wages and economic troubles to the hated Chinese workers. To appease them, Congress passed the _______________, halting Chinese immigration into America.
Definition
Chinese Exclusion Act in 1882
Term
_________ won the election of 1880, but was assassinated by ____________ at a Washington railroad station.
Definition
Garfield;Charles J. Guiteau
Term
_____________ made campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the ____________ to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examination.
Definition
The Pendleton Act of 1883;Civil Service Commission
Term
_________ won the election of 1884.
Definition
Cleveland
Term
Cleveland summed up his political philosophy when he _______________ to provide seeds for drought-ravaged Texas farmers, stating that the government should not support the people.
Definition
vetoed a bill in 1887
Term
The _____________, introduced to Congress in 1887 and supported by Cleveland, tremendously hurt the nation's factories and the overall economy
Definition
lower tariff
Term
who won the election of 1888 fought over the tariff issue?
Definition
Harrison
Term
The ____________, named for its lavish spendings, gave pensions to Civil War veterans, increased government purchases on silver, and passed the __________.
Definition
Billion-Dollar Congress;McKinley Tariff Act of 1890
Term
________________ raised tariffs yet again and brought more troubles to farmers. Farmers were forced to buy expensive products from American manufacturers while selling their own products into the highly competitive world markets.
Definition
The McKinley Tariff Act
Term
The Populists(people's party) demanded inflation through free and unlimited coinage of silver. They also called for a ____________; government ownership of the railroads, _________, and telephone; the direct election of U.S. senators; _____________________; the adoption of the initiative and referendum to allow citizens to shape legislation more directly; a shorter workday; and immigration restriction.
Definition
graduated income tax;telegraph; a one-term limit on the presidency
Term
_____________ again ran for the presidency in the election of 1892 and won, beating out the divided Populist Party and the discredited Republican Party.
Definition
Grover Cleveland
Term
_____________ was the worst economic downturn for the United States during the 19th Century. It was caused by overbuilding and over-speculation, labor disorders, and the ongoing agricultural depression.
Definition
The panic of 1893
Term
______________________ was created by the administration of Benjamin Harrison in order to increase the amount of silver in circulation. The drastic rise in silver caused the American people to believe that the less expensive silver was going to replace gold as the main form of currency. The American people therefore began to withdraw their assets in gold, depleting the Treasury's gold supply. Cleveland was forced to repeal this act.
Definition
The Sherman Silver Purchase Act of 1890
Term
Cleveland turned to ____________ to lend $65 million in gold in order to increase the Treasury's reserve.
Definition
J.P. Morgan
Term
____________________ lowered tariffs and contained a 2% tax on incomes over $4,000. The Supreme Court ruled income taxes unconstitutional in 1895.
Definition
The Wilson-Gorman Tariff of 1894
Term
Grant, Hayes, Garfield, Arthur, Harrison, and Cleveland were known as the "__________________".
Definition
"forgettable presidents."
Term
___________________ was commissioned by Congress in 1862 to build a transcontinental railroad starting in Omaha, Nebraska.
Definition
The Union Pacific Railroad
Term
Rail-lying at the California end of the railroad was taken up by the _________________ . The 4 chief financial backers of the enterprise (the Big Four) included_________ & ___________.
Definition
Central Pacific Railroad;Leland Stanford and Collis P. Huntington
Term
______________________ was completed in 1869, increasing trade with Asia and opening up the West for expansion.
Definition
The transcontinental railroad
Term
There was a total of 5 transcontinental railroads built: ______________, running from Lake Superior to Puget Sound, was completed in 1883; _____________, running from Topeka to California, was completed in 1884; ____________, stretching from New Orleans to San Francisco, was also completed in 1884; and ______________ running from Duluth to Seattle, was completed in 1893 by James J. Hill.
Definition
The Northern Pacific Railroad;the Atchison;the Southern Pacific;the Great Northern
Term
The railroad was Cornelius Vanderbilt's enterprise.
2 significant improvements benefited the railroads; _________&________. Steel rails were much stronger and safer than the traditional iron rails.
Definition
the steel rail; a standard gauge of track width
Term
The railroad stimulated ______________ of the country in the post-Civil War years. It created an enormous domestic market for American raw materials and manufactured goods. Railroad companies also stimulated ___________.
Definition
the industrialization;immigration
Term
In order to keep schedules and avoid wrecks, the major rail lines stated, on November 18, 1883, that the continent would be divided into ______________.
Definition
4 times zones
Term
In order to increase the weight of cows, "________" was employed. It entailed forcing a cow to bloat itself with water before it was weighed for sale. This technique enabled railroad stock promoters to inflate their claims about a given line's assets and profitability and sell stocks and bonds in excess of the railroad's actual value.
Definition
"stock watering"
Term
Railroad companies combined with other companies in order to protect their profits. "_________", agreements to divide the business in a given area and share the profits, were the earliest form of combinations.
Definition
Pools
Term
Many Midwestern legislatures tried to regulate the railroad monopoly, but in 1886, the Supreme Court ruled in the ___________ that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.
Definition
Wabash case
Term
In 1887, Congress passed the _____________. It prohibited rebates and pools, required the railroads to publish their rates openly, forbade unfair discrimination against shippers, and outlawed charging more for a short trip than for a long one over the same line.
Definition
Interstate Commerce Act
Term
the __________________ (ICC) to administer and enforce the new legislation. The new laws provided an orderly forum where competing business interests could resolve their conflicts in peaceful ways. The laws tended to stabilize the existing railroad business
Definition
Interstate Commerce Commission
Term
Tycoons like _____________, the steel king; _________, the oil baron; and __________, the bankers' banker, circumvented their competition
Definition
Andrew Carnegie;John D. Rockefeller;J. Pierpont Morgan
Term
. Carnegie used the tactic of "________________" to combine all phases of manufacturing into one organization. He and his business controlled every aspect of production, from mining to marketing. His goal was to improve efficiency.
Definition
vertical integration
Term
"________________" entailed allying with competitors to monopolize a given market. This tactic of creating trusts was used by Rockefeller
Definition
Horizontal integration
Term
The ___________________ allowed for the price of steel to drop dramatically and for its production to be done with relative ease. The process involved blowing cold air on red-hot iron in order to ignite the carbon and eliminate impurities.
Definition
Bessemer process
Term
______________ was not a monopolist and actually disliked monopolistic trusts. He entered the steel business in the Pittsburgh area and created an organization with about 40 "Pittsburg millionaires." By 1900, he was producing ΒΌ of the nation's Bessemer steel
Definition
Andrew Carnegie
Term
_____________ financed the reorganization of railroads, insurance companies, and banks.
In 1900, Carnegie was eager to sell his holdings of his company. At that time, Morgan was starting to manufacture steel pipe tubing. Carnegie threatened to ruin his rival (Morgan) by invading the same business if Morgan did not buy him out. Finally Morgan agreed to buy out Carnegie for $400 million.
Definition
J. P. Morgan
Term
Morgan expanded his industrial empire and created the _______________. It was America's first billion-dollar corporation.
Definition
United States Steel Corporation in 1901
Term
John D. Rockefeller organized the ___________________ in 1870, attempting to eliminate the middlemen and knock out his competitors. By 1877, he controlled 95% of all the oil refineries in the nation.
Definition
Standard Oil Company of Ohio
Term
____________, government controlled by the wealthy, took control of the Constitution. The clause that gave Congress sole jurisdiction over the interstate commerce was a bonus for the monopolists; they used their lawyers to thwart controls by state legislatures. Large trusts also sought safety behind the 14th Amendment, arguing that corporations were actually legal "people."
Definition
Plutocracy
Term
Hailing to public demand, Congress passed the__________________. The Act forbade combinations in restraint of trade without any distinction between "good" trusts and "bad" trusts. The law proved ineffective because it contained legal loopholes and it made all large trusts suffer, not just bad ones.
Definition
Sherman Anti-Trust Act of 1890
Term
_______________ took advantage of the growing tobacco business and formed the American TobaccoCompany in 1890.
Definition
James Buchanan Duke
Term
The "________________" pricing system was economic discrimination against the South in the steel industry. Rich deposits of coal and iron ore were discovered in Birmingham, Alabama. The steel lords of Pittsburgh brought pressure to bear on the compliant railroads. As a result, Birmingham steel was charged a fictional fee, no matter where it was shipped.
Definition
Pittsburgh plus
Term
The South strived in manufacturing __________________. By 1880, northern capital had created cotton mills in the South. Those who worked the cotton mills were in perpetual debt and were paid extremely low wages.
Definition
cotton textiles
Term
_________ were most affected by the new industrial age
Definition
Women
Term
The Civil War, which put a premium on human labor, gave a boost to labor unions.
________________, organized in 1866, lasted 6 years and attracted 600,000 members. Black workers also formed their own Colored National Labor Union.
Definition
The National Labor Union;
Term
After the National Labor Union pretty much died out in 1877, the _________________ took over.
Led by Terence V. Powderly, the Noble and Holy Order of this group was formed in 1869 as a secret society and remained secret until 1881. It sought to include all workers in one big union and campaigned for economic and social reform, including and codes for safety and health.
Definition
Knights of Labor
Term
On May 4, 1886 in ___________, Chicago police advanced on a meeting called to protest alleged brutalities by authorities. A dynamite bomb was thrown and killed dozens of people. 8 anarchists were tried and convicted; 5 were sentenced to death while the other 3 were sent to jail. In 1892, the governor of Illinois, John P. Altgeld, pardoned the 3 who were in prison.
Definition
Haymarket Square
Term
The _________________ inclusion of only skilled worked drained the Knights of Labor of its participants
Definition
American Federation of Labor's
Term
The _________________ was founded in 1886 and was led by ___________. The federation consisted of an association of self-governing national unions, each of which kept its own independence. It sought for better wages, hours, and working conditions.
Definition
American Federation of Labor;Samuel Gompers
Term
_________ Day was created by Congress in 1894.
Definition
Labor
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