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Chapter 22
World History-Cab Calloway
61
History
10th Grade
03/25/2012

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Cards

Term

Bessemer Process

Definition
Henry Bessemer developed a process to purify iron ore and produce a new substance, steel.
Term
Alfred Nobel
Definition
Swedish chemist who invented who invented dynamite, and explosive much safer than others used at the time.
Term
 Michael Faraday
Definition

Created the first simple electric motor and the first dynamo, a machine that generates electricity.

 

Term
Thomas Edison
Definition

An American inventor who made the first electric light bulb.

 

Term

Henry Ford

 

Definition

 Began using the assembly line to mass-produce cars, making the United States a leader in the automobile industry.

 

Term
Orville and Wilbur Wright
Definition

 In 1903, two American bicycle makers designed and flew a flimsy airplane at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina.

 

Term
  Guglielmo Marconi
Definition

Invented the radio.

 

Term
 Alfred Krupp
Definition

 Inherited a steelmaking business from his father. He bought up coal and iron mines as well as ore-shipping lines that fed the steel business.

 

Term
 Dynamo
Definition
 A machine that generates electricity.
Term
Interchangeable Parts
Definition

Identical components that could be used in place of one another.

 

Term
Assembly Line
Definition

Workers on an assembly line added parts to a product that moves along a belt from one work station to the next.

 

 

Term
Stock
Definition

 Shares in their companies.

 

Term
 Corporation
Definition

 Businesses that are owned by many investors who buy shares of stock.

 

Term

Cartel

 

Definition

 An association to fix prices.

 

Term

 How did the Industrial Revolution spread in the 1800s?

 

Definition
   The Industrial revolution spread in the 1800s by Britain having a head start. They tried to protect their head start by enforcing strict rules against exporting inventions. For a while, the rules worked. A while after, Belgium started making the same products in their factories as the ones that Britain had. After that had happened, other countries started to do the same thing, and a race began.
Term
How did technology help industry expand?
Definition
  Technology helped industry expand by companies hiring professional chemists and engineers to create new products and machinery.
Term
How did the need for capital lead to new business methods?
Definition

 The lead for capital lead to new business methods by owners selling stock to investors. Each stockholder thus became owner of a tiny part of a company.

 

Term
"The availability of natural resources is the most important condition for industrialization." Do you agree or disagree?
Definition

 Yes, I agree to this statement because you would need to use natural resources to create the chemicals needed to make all these industrialized inventions and components.

 

Term

Which three technological advances in this section do you think were the most important?

Definition

 I think that “New Methods of Production” was one of the most important technological advances in this section because new methods of production is what defined the industrial age.

 

Term
Atomic Theory
Definition

 A theory developed by John Dalton. He showed how different kinds of atoms combine to make all chemical substances.

 

Term
 Charles Lyell
Definition

Wrote “Principles of Geology.” He offered evidence to show that the Earth had formed over millions of years.

 

Term
natural selection
Definition

 Survival of the Fittest.

 

Term
 Social Darwinism
Definition

Applying the Idea of survival of the fittest to war and economic competition.

 

Term
Salvation Army
Definition

It both spread Christian teachings and provided social services.

 

Term
 cult of domesticity
Definition

 Idealized women and the home.

 

Term
temperance movement
Definition

A campaign to limit or ban the use of alcoholic beverages.

 

Term
 women's suffrage
Definition
 Women's right to vote.
Term
racism
Definition
 The belief that one racial group is superior to another.
Term
 social gospel
Definition

A movement that urged Christians to social service.

 

Term
How did the social order change in industrial nations?
Definition

 

3.a)  Social order changed in industrial nations by campaigning for reforms in housing, health care, and education.

Term

Describe three values assoicated with the middle class. 

 

Definition

 Three values that associated with the middle class were: Courtship and Marriage, The ideal Home, and the women’s in the home.

 

Term
What were the main goals of the women's movement? Why did it face strong opposition?
Definition

a) The main goals of the women’s movement were : The right to vote and promote that the women’s place was not just in the home.

 

b. It faced strong opposition because many people thought the women’s place was in the home.

Term
Why did the ideas of Charles Darwin cause controversy?
Definition

The ideas of Charles Darwin caused controversy because it interfered with religious belief and was one of the many ideas that thousands of other people had introduced at the time.

Term
 What services did religious or organizations provide?
Definition

Some services religious organizations provided were reforms in housing, health care, and education. They had also provided the Salvation Army.

Term
Lord Byron
Definition

British Romantic Writer. Created a new hero- a mysterious, melancholy figure who felt out of step with society.

 

Term
Johann Wolfgang von Goethe
Definition
Germanys greatest writer who wrote Faust.
Term
Ludwig van Beethoven
Definition
German classical composer who tried to stir deep emotions in his music.
Term
Charlotte Bronte
Definition
Term
Charles Dickens
Definition

 

Famous English writer who wrote “Oliver.”

 

Term
Gustave Courbet
Definition
- French realist painter
Term
Claude Monet
Definition
Painted the Cathedral at Rouen
Term
postimpressions
Definition

Used bold painting styles.

 

Term
romanticism
Definition

Where romantic writers, artists, and composers rebelled against the Enlightenment emphasis on reason and progress.

 

Term
realism
Definition
Was an attempt to represent the world as it was
Term
impressionism
Definition
Where some artists brushed strokes of color side by side without any blending.
Term
How did romantics respond to Englightenment? Describe three subjects romantics favored.
Definition

a) The romantics responded to the enlightenment by rebelling against it.

b) Three subjects the romantics favored were literature, art, and music.

 

Term
How did Dickens and Ibsen explore realistic themes?
Definition
Dickens and Ibsen explore explored realistic themes by basing their stories of what was currently going on at the time.
Term
How did photography influence the development of painting?
Definition
. Photography influenced the development of painting by creating two different styles of art- the Impressionists and the Postimpressionists.
Term
In what ways were the new artistic styles of the 1800s a reaction to changes in society?
Definition

Some ways in which the new artistic styles of the 1800s were a reaction to changes in society were by rebelling against the usual methods and techniques of art.

Term
Louis Pasteur
Definition
Term
Robert Koch
Definition
Identified that bacteria caused tuberculosis, a respiratory disease that claimed about 30 million human lives in the 1800s.
Term
Florence Nightingale
Definition
British nurse who brought attention to the horrible sanitation and conditions in the hospital
Term
Joseph Lister
Definition
Discovered how antiseptics prevented infection
Term
germ theory
Definition
Where scientists believed speculated that certain microbes might cause specific infectious diseases
Term
urban renewal
Definition
Rebuilding of the poor areas of a city
Term
mutual-aid society
Definition
- Self-help groups to aid sick or injured workers
Term
standard of living
Definition
Measures the quality and availability of necessities and comforts in a society.
Term
Why did the rate of population growth increase in the late 1800s?
Definition
The rate of population growth increased in the late 1800s because people discovered better sanitation methods
Term
Describe three ways that the city life changed in the 1800s.
Definition
Three ways that city life changed in the 1800s are: Sanitation, Entertainment, and Sanitation discoveries
Term
What laws helped workers in the late 1800s?
Definition
Some laws that helped workers in the late 1800s were the Mutual-aid Society, Standard of Living, and Urban Renewal.
Term
What were teh advantages and disadvantages of city life the late 1800s?
Definition
Some advantages and disadvantages of city life in the late 1800s were Improved methods of Sanitation (advantage), and harsh conditions of industrial life (disadvantage)
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