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Chapter 22
Respiratory System Exam V
134
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/12/2011

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Term
Pneumo
Definition
Air
Term
Pulmo
Definition
Lungs
Term
Spirare
Definition
Breathe
Term
Respiratory system functions
Definition
Gas exchange (O2 and CO2), sound production, smell, coughing and sneezing (protective)
Term
Respiration: 4 processes
Definition
Pulmonary ventilation, external respiration, transport of respiratory gases, internal respiration.
Term
Pulmonary ventilation
Definition
Air moving in/out of lungs (ventilation = breathing)
Term
External respiration
Definition
Gas exchange between air and blood in lungs at alveoli
Term
Transport of respiratory gases
Definition
O2 and CO2 are transported between lungs and body’s cells via our blood and circulatory system
Term
Internal respiration
Definition
Gas exchange between blood and tissues at blood capillaries
Term
Cellular respiration:
Definition
Tissues use oxygen and glucose to produce ATP and carbon dioxide is formed as a waste product
Term
Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System
Definition
Mouth, Nose, Nasal Cavity, Paranasal Sinuses, Pharynx, Larynx, Trachea, Bronchi, Bronchioles, Lungs
Term
Functional Anatomy of Respiratory System: Alveoli
Definition
functional units of pulmonary system
Term
Oral Cavity: Overview
Definition
Mouth and nose are divided by palate (“roof” of mouth)
Term
Oral Cavity: Anterior portion
Definition
hard palate (bones are maxilla and palatine bones)
Term
Oral Cavity: Posterior portion
Definition
soft palate (muscles and glands)
Term
Nose Functions
Definition
Provides airway for respiration, moistens and warms air, filter air, aids in speech, contains olfactory receptors.
Term
External portion of respiratory system
Definition
Frontal bone, nasal bone, maxillary bone, hyaline cartilage
Term
Nasal Cavity: Location
Definition
Inside and posterior to external nose
Term
Nasal Cavity: Air...
Definition
enters through external nares (nostrils)
Term
Nasal Cavity: Nasal Septum
Definition
divides nasal cavity
Term
Nasal Cavity: Continuous with...
Definition
the nasopharynx via the posterior nasal apertures (aka choanae, internal nares)
Term
Nasal Cavity: Two types of mucous membranes
Definition
Olfactory mucosa, respiratory mucosa
Term
Nasal Cavity: Olfactory mucosa
Definition
houses smell receptors (smaller area)
Term
Nasal Cavity: Respiratory mucosa
Definition
lines majority of nasal cavity (inflammation = rhinitis)
Term
Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae location
Definition
Superior and middle conchae part of the ethmoid
Term
Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae: Inferior concha
Definition
Individual bone
Term
Nasal Cavity: Nasal Conchae: Form grooves (meatus)
Definition
air turbulence helps trap substances
Term
Paranasal sinuses: Location
Definition
frontal, sphenoid, ethmoid, and maxillary bones
Term
Paranasal Sinuses: Function/composition
Definition
Lined by same mucosa and drain into nasal cavity
Term
Paranasal Sinuses: Sinusitis
Definition
inflammation of paranasal sinuses, caused by viral, bacterial, or fungal infection
Term
Pharynx: Continuous
Definition
Connects nasal cavity and mouth superiorly and to esophagus and larynx inferiorly
Term
Pharynx: Location
Definition
Extends from base of skull to level of 6th cervical vertebra
Term
Pharynx: Composition
Definition
Has skeletal muscle through entire length but varies in mucosal lining depending on region
Term
Pharynx: 3 regions
Definition
Nasopharynx, Oropharynx, Laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx: Location
Definition
Posterior to nasal cavity, solely air passageway
Term
Nasopharynx: Uvula
Definition
“little grape”, structure that hangs from soft palate, helps to prevent food from going up nose
Term
Nasopharynx: Pharyngeal Tonsils (adenoids)
Definition
Located in posterior wall of nasal cavity (destroy pathogens)
Term
Oropharynx: Location
Definition
Posterior to oral cavity, from soft palate to epiglottis (food and air)
Term
Oropharynx: Fauces
Definition
Entryway to Oropharynx
Term
Oropharynx: Composition
Definition
Epithelial lining changes to stratified squamous
Term
Oropharynx: Palatine tonsils location
Definition
Located in posterior wall of middle portion of pharynx
Term
Oropharynx: Palatine tonsils removal
Definition
The ones commonly removed in tonsillectomy during childhood
Term
Oropharynx: Lingual tonsils location
Definition
Located at base of tongue
Term
Laryngopharynx location
Definition
Inferior to oropharynx, posterior to larynx (food and air)
Term
Laryngopharynx: Continuous
Definition
with both esophagus and larynx
Term
Larynx: Location
Definition
Positioned at anterior midline of neck at the level of C4-C6
Term
Larynx: Continuous
Definition
Attaches to hyoid bone superiorly, continuous with trachea inferiorly
Term
Larynx: Primary function
Definition
Sound production
Term
Larynx: Secondary functions
Definition
Prevent food/fluid from entering trachea, provide open airway
Term
Larynx: Vocal cords (true)
Definition
mucosal folds containing vocal ligaments (with elastic fibers)
Term
Larynx: Valsalva maneuver
Definition
forcing air against closed glottis
Term
Larynx: Composition
Definition
Made up of 9 separate cartilages
Term
Larynx: Unpaired cartilage
Definition
Epiglottis, thyroid, cricoid
Term
Larynx: Paired cartilage
Definition
Arytenoid, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages (arytenoid anchor vocal cords)
Term
Larynx: Epiglottis
Definition
most cephalic, closes glottis (laryngeal inlet) Opening between larynx and esophagus during swallowing
Term
Larynx: Thyroid cartilage
Definition
largest (laryngeal prominence is Adam’s apple)
Term
Larynx: Cricoid cartilage
Definition
ring, connects thyroid cartilage to trachea
Term
Trachea: location
Definition
Descends from larynx into mediastinum
Term
Trachea: Framework
Definition
is C- shaped rings of hyaline cartilage joined by fibroelastic CT- it is flexible but does not collapse during breathing.
Term
Trachea: Function
Definition
Open, posterior portion has trachealis muscle which allows the esophagus to expand forward decreasing trachea diameter
Term
Trachea: Composition
Definition
Inner lining is mucous membrane and CT
Term
Trachea: Carina
Definition
cartilage plate where trachea splits into primary bronchi
Term
Tracheotomy
Definition
slit open trachea
Term
Trachectomy
Definition
remove trachea
Term
Tracheostomy
Definition
insert tube
Term
Bronchial tree:
Definition
system of respiratory passages that branches into lungs
Term
Bronchi (conducting zone): Types
Definition
Main (R,L) aka primary, secondary (lobar), tertiary (segmental)
Term
Primary Bronchi
Definition
Branches off trachea, runs obliquely through mediastinum and into hilus (medial depression) of lung
Term
Secondary Bronchi
Definition
3 on the right, 2 on the left – supply each lobe of lung
Term
Tertiary Bronchi
Definition
Divide repeatedly into smaller and smaller bronchi
Term
Bronchioles
Definition
tubes smaller than 1 mm in diameter
Term
Terminal bronchioles
Definition
are smallest (<0.5 mm in diameter)
Term
Bronchi and Bronchial Subdivisions: Types of changes in tissue composition along the walls.
Definition
Supportive CT, Epithelial tissue, Smooth Muscle.
Term
Supportive CT changes
Definition
Cartilage rings are replaced by plates as main bronchi enter lungs, cartilage ceases to exist at bronchioles.
Term
Epithelial tissue changes
Definition
Pseudostratified to simple columnar to simple cuboidal (terminal and respiratory bronchioles)

Cilia disappears
Term
Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Location
Definition
Begins at trachea (trachealis muscle) and continues into bronchi and bronchioles, forms helical bands
Term
Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Muscle bands
Definition
widen with sympathetic input, constrict with parasympathetic input
Term
Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Air tubes
Definition
contract during asthma attack
Term
Changes in tissue composition: Smooth Muscle: Thins...
Definition
as it reaches end and is not present in alveoil.
Term
Respiratory bronchioles (respiratory zone)
Definition
Branch from terminal bronchioles, alveoli protrude.
Term
Alveolar ducts
Definition
Straight ducts with alveoli protruding
Term
Alveolar sacs
Definition
Cluster of alveoli, “bunch of grapes”- grapes are alveoli
Term
Alveolar sacs: Atrium
Definition
opening from alveolar duct to alveolar sac
Term
Alveolus (singular)
Definition
Functional unit of respiratory system
Term
Alveolus (singular): External surface is covered with...
Definition
Capillaries
Term
Alveolus (singular): respiratory membrane
Definition
alveolar and capillary walls and their fused basal laminae – exchange of O2 and CO2
Term
Alveolus: Increase surface area for..
Definition
gas diffusion (walls one cell layer – squamous epi. = Type I cells – surrounded by basal lamina)
Term
Alveolus: Type II cells
Definition
cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete surfactant, which coats internal alveolar surfaces (no sticking)
Term
Alveolar pore:
Definition
connect adjacent alveoli
Term
Alveolar macrophages:
Definition
remove any particles not captured by mucus
Term
Pleurae
Definition
Coverings/lining of lungs and pleural cavity, walls are serous membranes.
Term
Visceral pleura
Definition
attached to outer surface of lung itself
Term
Parietal pleura
Definition
attached to wall of chest and thoracic surface of diaphragm
Term
Pleural Cavity
Definition
space between pleurae
Term
Pleural Cavity contains...
Definition
serous fluid, which provides lubrication (allows membranes to slide during breathing)
Term
Pleural Cavity: The serous membranes themselves are usually touching...
Definition
each other and stick the lungs to the thoracic wall
Term
Pleural Cavity: If air gets in...
Definition
into the space you’re in trouble (pneumothorax)
Term
Pleurisy (pleuritis):
Definition
inflammation
Term
Lungs: Shape
Definition
Each lung is cone-shaped, extends from diaphragm (base) to a point just above the clavicle (apex)
Term
Lungs: Size
Definition
Lungs are spongy and light (1.25 lbs each)
Term
Lungs: Area between the lungs is known as the...
Definition
Mediastinum (heart is located there)
Term
Lungs: Hilum
Definition
depression on medial surface through which root (blood vessels, bronchi, lymph vessels, and nerves) enters/exits
Term
Lungs: Left Lung
Definition
Left lung is smaller than right and has cardiac notch; also has 2 lobes (upper and lower) divided by oblique fissure
Term
Lungs: Right Lung
Definition
Right lung has three lobes (upper, middle, lower) divided by oblique and horizontal fissures
Term
Lungs: Each lobe is divided into...
Definition
bronchopulmonary segments (approx. 10 per lung)
Term
Lungs: Lobule
Definition
smallest lung subdivision seen with naked eye
Term
Lungs: Stroma
Definition
framework of CT with many elastic fibers
Term
Lungs: Oxygen to lungs
Definition
Pulmonary arteries deliver O2-poor blood and branch posteriorly along bronchi and feed into capillary networks surrounding alveoli
Term
Lungs: Oxygen to body
Definition
Pulmonary veins bring back O2-rich blood and branch anteriorly along bronchi
Term
Lungs: Bronchial arteries and veins supply...
Definition
systemic blood – enter/exit at hilus
Term
Breathing
Definition
pulmonary ventilation
Term
Breathing two phases
Definition
Inspiration and expiration.
Term
Inspiration
Definition
(air pressure inside the lungs is lower than atmospheric pressure) - always an active process
Term
Inspiration: Diaphragm
Definition
Is a dome shape that flattens during inspiration, causes more room in thoracic cavity
Term
Inspiration: Intercostal Muscles for regular inspiration
Definition
the diaphragm, external intercostals (intercostal = between ribs), and portion of internal intercostals are active
Term
Inspiration: Intercostal Muscles for forced inspiration
Definition
the scalenes and sternocleidomastoid (and other) muscles are involved (helps to elevate ribs)
Term
Ventilation: Process
Definition
It is the expansion of the thoracic cavity that allows the lungs to fill with air, which is why intercostal muscles must help stiffen the thoracic wall
Term
Expiration
Definition
occurs when air pressure in the lungs is greater than atmospheric pressure
Term
Expiration is usually a...
Definition
passive process (at rest), since the inspiration muscles relax
Term
Expiration: If it is forced (cough, sneeze)...
Definition
a portion of the internal intercostal muscles get involved, as well as the abdominal muscles
Term
Expiration: Alveoli
Definition
remain open at all times due to surfactant reducing surface tension
Term
Lower respiratory structures list
Definition
Bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, Emphysema, Chronic Bronchitis, Cystic Fibrosis
Term
Bronchial asthma
Definition
Allergic inflammation
Term
Bronchial asthma symptoms
Definition
coughing, wheezing, shortness of breath
Term
Bronchial asthma attack early
Definition
Early phase when mast cells stimulate smooth muscle contraction and mucus secretion
Term
Bronchial asthma attack late
Definition
Late phase involves leukocyte involvement
Term
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Definition
Category of disorders in which air flow into/out of lungs is difficult
Term
COPD: Patient history
Definition
Patients often have history of smoking
Term
COPD: Dyspnea
Definition
difficulty breathing
Term
COPD: Emphysema
Definition
Enlarged alveoli (deteriorated alveolar walls)
Term
COPD: Emphysema: Fibrosis
Definition
scar tissue formation that is due to chronic inflammation ( elasticity,  difficulty breathing)
Term
COPD: Chronic bronchitis
Definition
Inhaled irritants lead to excess mucus production and inflammation and fibrosis of mucosa (obstruct airways)
Term
Cystic fibrosis (CF)
Definition
Inherited disease, exocrine gland function is disrupted throughout body – oversecretion of mucus, clogs passageways
Term
Upper respiratory structures: Epistaxis
Definition
nosebleed, most often from anterior portion of septum (stop bleeding by pinching nostrils)
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