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Chapter 22 Review
enlightenment
38
History
9th Grade
11/12/2010

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Term
Bacon
Definition
empiricism/experimental method; said medieval scholars too dependent on Aristotle
Term
baroque art
Definition
old style; Greek or Roman; complex, large, colorful, exciting; glorified battles-lives of saints;
Term
Beethoven
Definition
classical music
Term
Boyle
Definition
founder of modern chemistry; NATURAL LAWS- govern human nature.
Term
Catherine the Great
Definition
wrote to Voltaire+ Diderot; made some reforms, critical of serfdom(tied to the land)
Term
Copernicus
Definition
polis cleric; heliocentric theory-sun center; he wrote on the revolutions of the heavenly bodies
Term
Dec of Ind. Enlightenment ideas
Definition
articles of confederation-weak gov't;
Term
Denis Diderot
Definition
28 volume encyclopedia or classified dictionary of the sciences, arts + occupations; 1751-1772; "to change the general way of thinking";20,000 copies printed
Term
Descartes
Definition
developed analytical geometry(algebra + geometry; not experiments used math + logic' everything doubted until proven by reason
Term
direct democracy
Definition
people vote for everything.
Term
Elisabeth-Louis Vigee-Le Brun
Definition
Term
Enlightenment promoted these
Definition
Term
Frederick the Great
Definition
tight control over subjects; "first servant of the state"-work for common good; admire voltaire; made prussian
Term
Galileo
Definition
built telescope; published dialogue concerning the two chief world systems- book-starry messenger; Jupiter had 4 moons; sun had dark spots; moon had rough,uneven surfaces; against Aristotle; forced to recant "Eppur si muove" but it does move; scientific theory
Term
Haydn
Definition
classical music
Term
heliocentric
Definition
sun is the center.
Term
Henry Felding
Definition
tom Jones(book)-orphan travels to England to win his lady.
Term
Hobbes - beliefs
Definition
twins-"myself + fear"; people w/out gov't fight against themselves; people naturally cruel, greedy, selfish; describes life w/ no gov't "nasty + short"; "war of everyman against every other man";Belium omnium contra omnes(the war of all against all)social contract-give up natural state for organized society = gov’t for order; only powerful gov’t could make society orderly;absolute monarchy necessary; to escape chaos people gave up freedom to ruler guaranteed peace & order;no rebellion - regardless
Term
how major philosophers influenced U.S. Constitution
Definition
Term
important effects of Enlightenment
Definition
Term
influenced Bill of Rights
Definition
constitution-enlightenment ideas; federal system-national + state gov't; checks + balances
Term
Joseph ІІ
Definition
son and successor of Maria Theresa (Hapsburg; wore disguises to know problems of people; known as "peasant emperor"; reformed Austria's and Jews;ended censorship, abolished serfdom; sold monasteries + used money to build hospitals.
Term
Kepler
Definition
use math to conclude planets revolve around sun in a elliptical orbit
Term
laws of gravity
Definition
laws of universal gravity-every object attracts every other object-depends on mass;
Term
Marie-Therese Geoffrin
Definition
most respected salon; Mozart and Diderot went there.
Term
Montesquieu - beliefs and influences
Definition
1689-1755; admired Britain limited monarchy; divided gov't, 3 branches; separation best to protect liberty-now called checks and balances
Term
Mozart
Definition
Germain- started @ age of 4; died in poverty at age of 35; operas and symphonies.
Term
neoclassic style
Definition
simple, elegant style; in late 1700's ("new classical")
Term
Newton
Definition
English; theory all motion-all objects affected=by same forces; studied math and physics @ Cambridge; laws of universal gravity-every object attracts every other object-depends on mass; most important scientific book published the mathematical principles of natural philosophy; universe a clock set in motion by god
Term
philosophes - beliefs
Definition
Term
Samual Richardson
Definition
Pamela-1st true English novel-servant refuses
Term
scientific method
Definition
logical procedure for gathering + testing ideas:problem or ? , hypothesis, test hypoth.(experiment),analyze and interpret, conclusion.
Term
Stamp Act - effects
Definition
resisted act's; April 19, 1775 shots on Lexington Green
Term
the Encyclopedia and the Church
Definition
28 volume encyclopedia or classified dictionary of the sciences; attacked divine right + religion; Catholics excommunicated if read; 20,000 copies printed
Term
The Social Contract
Definition
Jean-Jacques Rousseau-1762;controls necessary but should be limited; gov't should be freely collected; individual less important than community
Term
who would agree or disagree w/ U.S. constitution?
Definition
disagree-Britain
agree-french
Term
wrote Dec. of independence
Definition
Thomas Jefferson
Term
locke
Definition
1690 published two treaties of gov't; agreed w/ Hobbes-purpose of gov't was to create order; gov't is a contract between ruler and ruled; but differed w/ Hobbes; optimistic view of human nature
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