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Chapter 22 Hydrocarbon Compounds
Key Concepts and Vocabulary
37
Chemistry
11th Grade
05/22/2012

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Term
How is the number of valence electrons in carbon atoms related to the bonds that carbon atoms form?
Definition
because carbon has four valence electrons, a carbon atom always forms four covalent bonds.
Term
What are two possible arrangements of carbon atoms in an alkane?
Definition
the carbon atoms in an alkane can be arranged in a straight chain or in a chain that has branches.
Term
In terms of their polarity, what type of molecules are alkanes?
Definition
molecules of hydrocarbons, such as alkanes, are nonpolar molecules.
Term
Hydrocarbons
Definition
the simplest organic compounds contain only carbon and hydrogen.
Term
Alkane
Definition
a hydrocarbon in which there are only single covalent bonds.
Term
Straight-chain alkanes
Definition
contains any number of carbon atoms, one aftern the other, in a chain.
Term
Homologous series
Definition
a group of compounds. the straight-chain alkanes are an example. there is a constant increment of change in molecular structuree from one compound in the series to the next.
Term
Condensed structural formula
Definition
some bonds and/or atoms are left out of the structural formula.
Term
Substituent
Definition
an atom or group of atoms that can take the place of a hydrogen atom on a parent hydrocarbon molecule.
Term
Alkyl group
Definition
a hydrogen substituent. it can be one carbon or several carbons long.
Term
Branched-chain alkane
Definition
an alkane with one or more alkyl groups.
Term
What are the structural characteristics of alkenes?
Definition
at least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkene is a double covalent bond. other bonds may be single carbon-carbon bonds and carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Term
What are the structural characteristics of alkynes?
Definition
at least one carbon-carbon bond in an alkyne is a triple covalent bond. other bonds may be single or double carbon-carbon bonds and single carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Term
Saturated compounds
Definition
organic compounds that contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms per carbon atom.
Term
Unsaturated compounds
Definition
compounds that contain double or triple carbon-carbon bonds.
Term
Alkenes
Definition
hydrocarbons that contain on or more carbon-carbon double covalent bonds.
Term
Alkynes
Definition
hydrocarbons that contain one or more carbon-carbon triple covalent bonds.
Term
Aliphatic hydrocarbons
Definition
straight-chain and branched-chain alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes.
Term
How do structural isomers differ?
Definition
structural isomers differ in physical properties such as boiling point and melting point. they also have different chemical reactivities.
Term
What two types of stereoisomers are there?
Definition
two types of stereoisomers are geometric isomers and optical isomers.
Term
Isomers
Definition
compounds that have the same molecular formula but different molecular structures.
Term
Structural isomers
Definition
compounds that have the same molecular formula, but the atoms are joined together in a different order.
Term
Stereoisomers
Definition
molecules in which the atoms are joined in the same order, but the positions of the atoms in space are different.
Term
Geometric isomers
Definition
atoms joined in the same order, but differ in the orientation of groups around a double bond.
Term
Trans configuration
Definition
the methyl groups are on opposite sides of the double bond.
Term
Cis configuration
Definition
the methyl groups are on the same side of the double bond.
Term
Asymmetric carbon
Definition
a carbon with four different atoms or groups attached.
Term
Optical isomers
Definition
pairs of molecules that differ only in the way that four different groups are arranged around a central carbon atom.
Term
What is a cyclic hydrocarbon?
Definition
in some hydrocarbon compounds, the carbon chain is in the form of a ring.
Term
What describes the bonding between electrons and carbons in a benzene ring?
Definition
in a benzene molecule, the bonding electrons between carbon atoms are shared evenly around the ring.
Term
Cyclic hydrocarbons
Definition
compounds that contain a hydrocarbon ring.
Term
Aromatic compound
Definition
an organic compound that contains a benzene ring or other ring in which the bonding is like that of a benzene.
Term
What are the hydrocarbons found in natural gas?
Definition
natural gas is an important source of alkanes of low molar mass.
Term
What is the first process used in the refining of petroleum?
Definition
the refining process starts with the distillation of petroleum (crude oil) into fractions according to boiling-point.
Term
What are the two variables used to classify coal?
Definition
coal is classified by its hardness and carbon content.
Term
What is the chemical composition of coal?
Definition
coal consists largely of condensed aromatic compounds of extremely high molar mass. these compounds have a high proportion of carbon compared with hydrogen.
Term
Cracking
Definition
a controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.
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