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Chapter 2
Pharmakokinetics
43
Psychology
Graduate
01/25/2017

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Term
Pharmacokinetics
Definition
The absorption, distribution, metabolism, and elimination of drugs from the human body.
Term
Bioavailability
Definition
How much of the drug that is administered actually reaches its target.
Term
Drug Absorption
Definition
Processes and mechanisms by which drugs pass from the external world into the blood stream.
Term
Enteral Administration
Definition
Drug administration involving the GI tract.
Term
Oral and rectal administration.
Definition
The two enteral routes.
Term
Parenteral Administration
Definition
Drug administration not involving the GI tract.
Term
Injection, inhalation, absorption through skin, and absorption through the mucous membrane.
Definition
The four parenteral routes.
Term
Passive Diffusion
Definition
Passing from an area of high concentration into an area of lower concentration.
Term
Lipid soluble
Definition
Able to pass through/dissolve in fat.
Term
Soluble, stable in stomach fluid, enter intestine, penetrate the lining of the stomach or intestine, and pass into the blood stream.
Definition
To be effective in oral administation the drug must be:
Term
Irregular, unpredictable, incomplete, and many drugs irritate the rectum membranes.
Definition
Cons of rectal administration
Term
Rapid absorption through the lung tissue, faster than intravenously.
Definition
Lung Administation
Term
Administration through the Mucous Membrane
Definition
Administration through the membranes in the mouth or nose.
Term
Administration through the Skin
Definition
Transdermal patches that release that has a controlled release of a drug through the bloodstream near the area of contact.
Term
Intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous
Definition
The three routes of administration through injection
Term
Rapid rate of absorption, sterile techniques, no drug recall.
Definition
Three key points about administration by injection
Term
Side Effects
Definition
Results that are different from the primary, or therapeutic, effect for which a drug is taken.
Term
First-Pass Metabollism
Definition
Drug-metabolizing enzymes in the cells of either the GI tract or the liver can markedly reduce the amount of the drug that reaches the bloodstream.
Term
Alcohol Dehyrogenase
Definition
Enzyme that metabolized alcohol.
Term
Phospholipids
Definition
Water soluble head groups of complex lipid molecules.
Term
Capillaries
Definition
Tiny, cylindrical blood vessels with walls that are formed by a thin, single layer of cells packed tightly together.
*Most drugs freely leave the blood through these pores in this membrane.
Term
Blood-Brain Barrier
Definition
Specialized structural barrier for the brain.
Term
Glial Sheath
Definition
Fatty Barrier that covers the capillary walls.
Term
The size of the drug molecule and lipid solubility.
Definition
The rate of passage of a drug into the brain depends on:
Term
Transcytosis
Definition
Process that transports larger substances (than glucose, amino acids, and vitamins) like iron and insulin across the capillary walls.
Term
The kidneys, the lungs, the bile, and the skin
Definition
Routes that drugs can leave the system
Term
Genetic, Cultural, Environmental, Physiological factors
Definition
Factors that Affect Drug Biotransformation
Term
Environmental Factor for Biotransformation
Definition
If more than one drug is present in the body they can interact therapeutically or adversely.
Term
For predicting the optimal dosages and dose intervals needed to reach a therapeutic effect, maintaining a therapeutic drug level for the desired period of time, and determining the time needed to eliminate the drug.
Definition
Why do we need to know the relationship between the time course of drug action and its pharmacological effects?
Term
100% of drug remaining
Definition
0 Half-Life
Term
50% of drug remaining
Definition
1 Half-Life
Term
25% of drug remaining
Definition
2 Half-Lifes
Term
12.5% of drug remaining
Definition
3 Half-Lifes
Term
6.2% of drug remaining
Definition
4 Half-Lifes
Term
3.1% of drug remaining
Definition
5 Half-Lifes
Term
1.6% of drug remaining
Definition
6 Half-lifes
Term
Zero-Order Elimination
Definition
A constant amount of alcohol is metabolized regardless of the absolute amount of alcohol present in blood.
Term
Steady-State Concentration
Definition
Plateau of the drug. The level of drug achieved in the blood with repeated, regular-interval dosing. 6x the drug's elimination half-life.
Term
Therapeutic Window
Definition
A well-defined range of blood levels associated with optimal clinical response. Levels above and below this range are associated with a poor response.
Term
Metabolic Tolerance
Definition
More enzyme is available to metabolize a drug as a result of enzyme induction.
Term
Enzyme Induction
Definition
More drug must be administered to maintain the same concentration in the body and the same therapeutic response.
Term
Cellular-Adaptive (pharmacodynamic) tolerance
Definition
Receptors in teh brain adapt to the continued presence of the drug, with neurons adapting to excess drug either by reducing the number of receptors available to the drug or by reducing their sensitivity the drug. "Down regulation"
Term
Physical Dependence
Definition
A person who is physically dependent needs the drug to avoid the withdrawal symptoms that occur if the drug is not taken. "Abstinence Syndrome"
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