Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Chapter 20
Diseases of the Nervous System
89
Microbiology
Undergraduate 2
11/30/2013

Additional Microbiology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Bacterial meningitis

Definition / Symptoms / Diagnosis
Definition
Progressive impairment of CNS leading to coma or death (even with treatment).

Headaches, light sensitivity, sudden high fever, back complications, behavioral changes.

Culture / Gram stain from spinal fluid ID's pathogen
Term
Bacterial meningitis

Causative Agents
Definition
1. Any bacteria of the normal flora
2. Most common are H. influenzae, N. meningitidis, S. pneumoniae, and L. monocytogenes.
Term
Bacterial meningitis:

Hemophilus infections are common in ________

What vaccine is given as part of childhood vaccinations?
Definition
1. young children.

2. Hib vaccine
Term
Bacterial meningitis:

Meningococcal meningitis is caused by __________

It's highly contagious via _________ routes, saliva, and _______ secretions.
Definition
Neisseria, respiratory, nasal
Term
Meningococcal meningitis is prevalent in _________ & ________ adult populations in crowded surroundings.
Definition
adolescent & young
Term
Bacterial meningitis:

Streptococcus infections are common in _________ and the hospitalized ________.
Definition
infants

elderly
Term
Bacterial meningitis:

Listeriosis is most dangerous to _________women, fetuses, and _________.
Definition
pregnant

newborns
Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Neisseria - droplets, _________, ________ secretions in ________ spaces.
Definition
saliva, nasal, overcrowded
Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Listeria - __________ milk, cheese, _________ meats, ________ meats, and aged soft ___________.
Definition
unapasteurized, undercooked, processed, cheeses.
Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Streptococcus bacteria are __________ resident flora that overgrow when __________is impaired in the host.
Definition
opportunistic, immunity
Term
Bacterial meningitis transmission:

Hemophilus are opportunistic pathogens common to adults but most __________ in children.
Definition
virulent
Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Prompt treatment is crucial in bacterial meningitis since the rates of mortality can be high:

S. pneumoniae ___-___%
H. influenzae __%
N. meningitis__%
Definition
27-40%
5%
5%
Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Antibiotics such as _________ and __________ may be used against N. meningitis and S. pneumoniae and Listeria.
Definition
penicillins, erythromycin
Term
Bacterial meningitis prevention / treatment:

Chloramphenicol may be used against______________.
Definition
H. influenzae
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

A chronic ___________infection that leads to the gradual destruction of _________ in the infected individual
Definition
degenerative, tissue
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

Leprosy may begin as a ____________ form and then progress to ___________ form.
Definition
tuberculoid, lepromatous
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

_________ bacilli may be cultured from the extremities of individuals.
Definition
Acid fast,
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) symptoms/diagonosis:

Incubation can last for ________ (time).
Definition
years
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

Mycobacterium ___________ is the causative agent of leprosy.
Definition
leprae
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

Bacteria enters through _________ in the skin and ________ nerve tissues.
Definition
breaks, infects
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) causative agent/contributing factors:

A progressive loss of ____________ leads to tissue _________, and unnoticed trauma, which can then lead to secondary __________ and tissue ___________.
Definition
sensation, atrophy, infection, degeneration
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

_______, long term, _______ to _______ contact.
Definition
direct, person, person
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

_________ secretions from infected individuals.
Definition
nasal
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) transmission:

__________risk is fairly low...especially if routine aspesis is observed. But ________ living conditions may exacerbate transmission.
Definition
contagion, unsanitary
Term
Leprosy (Hansen's disease) prevention/treatment:

Prolonged treatment (__ years +) w/ Dapsone, _______, and Clofazimine will cure the infection.
Definition
2, Rifampin
Term
Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:

Typical symptoms include rapid onset of _______, ____ mouth, constipation, _________ weakness, mental confusion, diplopia, and ___________.
Definition
nausea, dry, generalized, dysphagia.
Term
Botulism symptoms / diagnosis:

A _____ ________ of the entire body may ensue. Death results from _________ of the ________ and breathing apparatus. Incubation is ___to ___ hrs.
Definition
flaccid paralysis, paralysis, heart, 24-48
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

________ botulinum is the causative agent of botulism
Definition
Clostridium
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

Favorable conditions consist of_____,_____,____,____.
Definition
Anaerobic environment, neutral pH, mesophilic temp, high protein medium such as meats, eggs, beans, etc.
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_________ cells will produce the ________ toxin in the food.
Definition
vegetative, botulinum
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

Outbreaks have been attributed to ________ stored food and incomplete __________ of canned foods.
Definition
improperly, sterilization
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_______botulism occurs if C. botulinum is ingested in children under 1 yr of age.
Definition
Infant
Term
Botulism causative agent/contributing factors:

_______botulism occurs if soil or fecal matter enters a gash or laceration (i.e. open skin injury).
Definition
wound
Term
Botulism transmission:

__________of toxin in contaminated foods. It is also non-__________.
Definition
Ingestion, communicable.
Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:

Prevented by careful _____________ and ____________ of foods.
Definition
Preparation, storage.
Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:

Endospores won't germinate in __________ conditions, ________osmotic pressure. __________ of food will destroy the toxin.
Definition
acidic, high, heating
Term
Botulism prevention/treatment:

Treated with _______ antitoxin, ________washing, and _________support. _________ are used w/ infant and wound botulism.
Definition
BIG, intestinal, cardiopulmonary, antibiotics
Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

_______ or ________ paralysis due to production of ________ _______ in a contaminated wound.
Definition
Rigid, spastic, clostridial endotoxin
Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Prodrome begins w/ _____,______,_____,_______
Definition
headaches, fever, irritability, and rigid facial paralysis of the face and neck
Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Symptoms progress until eventually ______ and ______ (in 50% of cases) ensues.
Definition
opisthotonos, death
Term
Tetanus symptoms/diagnosis:

Onset is usually _______days after injury w/ a contaminated object.
Definition
5-15
Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

Intoxication by __________ exotoxin produced by ________ _________ is the cause of tetanus.
Definition
tetanospasmin exotoxin, clostridium tetani
Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

Enters through penetrating ______, ______, & _____ and germinates in the __________ tissue
Definition
wounds, lacerations, and burns, anaerobic
Term
Tetanus causative agent / contributing factors:

LD50 of tetanus is ______
Definition
20ng
Term
Tetanus prevention and treatment:

Immunization w/ ______ ______ is routinely practiced
Definition
tetanus toxoid
Term
Tetanus prevention and treatment:

Vaccine is effective for __-__ years (w/ boosters)
Definition
5 to 10
Term
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms

Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____
Definition
bacterial, rare
Term
Viral meningitis causative agent/contributing factors:

Herpes, ______, _____- Barr virus, Coxsackie, _______

Incubation is ___-____ days, with a ___-___ day duration.
Definition
3-7 and 7-10
Term
Viral meningitis transmission:

______ of virus from infected individuals, can survive in _______ and chlorinated _____ ______.
Definition
shedding, water, swimming pools
Term
Viral meningitis prevention/treatment:

Frequent ____ ______, avoidance of ________ pools.

No specific therapy other than ____, ______, and ______ treatment
Definition
hand washing, crowded, rest, hydration, palliative
Term
Viral meningitis (aseptic meningitis) symptoms

Symptoms are the same as __________ meningitis, deaths are ____
Definition
bacterial, rare
Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Initial symptoms include a ___-____ or _____-throat prodrome. E.g. headaches, sore throat, fever, nausea.
Definition
fever-like, strept
Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Polio virus can cause _______ of limbs and _______ apparatuses by infecting _____ _____ _____ in the upper spinal cord.
Definition
paralysis, respiratory, motor nerve calls
Term
Poliomyelitis symptoms/diagnosis:

Only ____% develop symptoms of polio, and only __% the paralyzing form.
Definition
10, 1
Term
Poliomyelitis causative agent:

___________ virus is the causative agent
Definition
picornavirus.
Term
Poliomyelitis transmission:

_____/_____ route by fecal contamination of water sources.
Definition
fecal/oral
Term
Poliomyelitis prevention/treatment:

Two vaccines...the _____ vaccine (inactive and requires boosters), and the ______ vaccine (active and provides lifelong immunity).

Current vaccine in US is the ______ (inactive polio vaccine IPV)
Definition
Salk, Sabin

Salk
Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis

Characterized by fatal ____________
Definition
encephalitis
Term
Rabies symptoms/diagnosis:

Incubation is ___ to ___ weeks
Definition
5 to 8
Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

Initial symptoms are _______ behavior, _______, muscle _______, and stupor.
Definition
agitated, hallucinations, spasms
Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

Advanced symptoms are __________, ________ behavior, hydrophobia, __________, and coma.
Definition
salivation, aggressive, paralysis
Term
Rabies symptoms/diagonosis:

2 syndromes are "_______" and "_____" rabies. The disease is ____________ once symptoms have appeared.
Definition
furious, dumb, incurable
Term
Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:

Caused by the _____________ which primarily affects ___________ mammals but infection can pass to herbivores.
Definition
Rhabdovirus, carnivorous
Term
Rabies causative agent/contributing factors:

Most common resovoirs are ______, raccoons, ______, foxes, and coyotes...as well as some domesticated animals as well.
Definition
skunks, bats
Term
Rabies transmission:

________ bites, contact of infected animals and their ______ ______.

Contact with virus through _______, _______, or ________.
Definition
Bites, body fluids,

breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, inhalation.
Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:

All domesticated _____ & ______ should be routinely vaccinated. ______ population should be controlled.
Definition
dogs & cats, stray
Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:

Post bite, immediately ______ wound with soap and water and report to health authorities.
Definition
wash
Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:

Current vaccine employs human rabies _______ ___________ (HRIG) at the ____ _____ AND inactive virus vaccine (HDCV) using ___-___ intra muscular doses.
Definition
anti-immunoglobulin, bite site, 5-6
Term
Rabies prevention/treatment:

There is __ _________ _________ for people exhibiting rabies prodrome or syndrome.
Definition
no reliable treatment (no cure)
Term
Arboviral Encephalitis Symptoms/Diagnosis:

Typical sign's and symptoms of ____________
High ___ titers with incubation of __ to __ days
Definition
meningitis
IgM
7 to 14
Term
Arboviral Encephalitis transmission:

________ carry the virus (and their eggs which survive winters)
Definition
Mosquitoes
Term
Arboviral Encephalitis causative agent/contributing factors:

6 different viruses cause it:

_____ & _____ equine viruses, _______ equine, St. _______, West _______ virus, _________ or La Crosse
Definition
East, Western, Venezuelan, Louis, Nile, California
Term
Arboviral Encephalitis Prevention/treatment:

Control and eradication of ____________. Use of _______ repellants. Patients will require hospitalization, ___ fluids, and ______ support
Definition
mosquitoes, insect, IV, respiratory
Term
Cryptococcosis symptoms:

It's a _________ meningitis w/ typical symptoms
Definition
fungal
Term
Cryptococcosis causative agent/contributing factors:

Cryptococcus ________, a dimorphic yeast is the agent. Targets the __________ suppressed and typically _______ if left untreated.
Definition
neoformans, immuno, fatal
Term
Cryptococcosis Transmission:

_________ of spores present in _______ or _______ droppings
Definition
inhalation, soil, bird
Term
Cryptococcosis Prevention/treatment:

Amphotericin B and ___________ for 6-10 wks
Definition
flucytosine
Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Symptoms & diagnosis
Definition
Rapidly progressing & fatal

Diagnosed via eye scrapings, spinal fluid, or brain biopsies
Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Causative agent/factors
Definition
Naegleria fowleri found in stagnant water...prevalent throughout Texas
Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Transmission is through contact with __________ and is most prevailing during _______ conditions. Enters through _________ membranes
Definition
stagnant (non-chlorinated) water, drought, mucous
Term
Primary Ameobic Meningoencephalopathy

Prevention and treatment
Definition
Avoidance of stagnant water, proper chlorination of pools.

Therapy includes miconazole, sulfadiazene, tetracycline, at early onset of disease. 90% fatality rate.
Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Symptoms and diagnosis
Definition
Symptoms are chronic degeneration of the brain leading to aberrant behavior.

Diagnosis through symptoms and brain sections under microscope. Uniformly fatal.
Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Causative agent/contributing factors
Definition
An infectious prion found to exist in sheep, cows, and humans is the agent.
Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Transmission
Definition
ingestion of contaminated meat.
Term
Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy (mad cow):

Treatments
Definition
None.
Term
Eye infections

Symptoms
Definition
Vary, but most can damage the eye and cause blindeness
Term
Eye infections

Causative/contributing factors
Definition
Pink eye - hemophilus
Trachoma - chlamydia
Neonatal gonorrheal ophthalmia - neisseria
Herpetic keratitis - hsv
Acanthamoeba keratitus - acanthamoeba
Term
Eye infections

Transmission
Definition
Gonorrheal and chlaydial infections transmitted during childbirth.

Herpes by indirect contact w/ herpes lesion fluid. Acanthamoeba from contact w/ stagnant water or contaminated contact solution.
Term
Eye infections

Prevention / treatment
Definition
Propholaxis w/ antibiotics of newborns to prevent infection, trifluridine for HSV, ketoconazole for Acanthomoeba.

Topical use of gentamycin used for pink eye.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!