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Chapter 20
Thermodynamics: Entropy, Free Energy, and the Direction of Chemical Reactions
20
Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
05/15/2010

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Term
spontaneous change
Definition
occurs by itself under specified conditions, without an ongoing input of energy from outside the system
Term
nonspontaneous change
Definition
requires a continuous input of energy from outside the system to occur
Term
If a change is spontaneous in one direction, it is ___ spontaneous in the other
Definition
NOT
Term
The Concept of Entropy (S)
Definition
A change in order is a change in the number of ways of arranging the particles, and it is a key factor in determining the direction of a spontaneous process.

solid liquid gas
Term
Ludwig Boltzman
Definition
S = k ln W
S is entropy
K is boltzman constand (R/avogado's #)

A system with relatively few equivalent ways to arrange its components (smaller W) has relatively less disorder and low entropy.


A system with many equivalent ways to arrange its components (larger W) has relatively more disorder and high entropy.
Term
DSuniverse = DSsystem + DSsurroundings > 0
DS=Delta
Definition
This is the second law of thermodynamics.
Term
Entropy increases or decreases as temperature rises?
Definition
increases
Term
Entropy increases or decreases as a more ordered phase changes to a less ordered phase
Definition
increases
Term
Entropy of a dissolved solid is or is not usually greater than the entropy of the pure solute?
Definition
Is

the extent depends upon the nature of the solute and solvent
Term
A gas becomes more or less ordered when it dissolves in a liquid or solid
Definition
more
Term
True or False

In relation to entropy when atomic size or molecular complexity increase entropy also does
Definition
True
Term
Sºrxn - the entropy change that occurs when all reactants and products are in their standard states.
Definition
Sºrxn = Sºproducts - Sºreactants
Term
Gibbs Free Energy
Definition
G, the change in the free energy of a system, is a measure of the spontaneity of the process and of the useful energy available from it.
Term
DGºsystem = DHºsystem - TDSºsystem
Definition
G < 0 for a spontaneous process
G > 0 for a nonspontaneous process
G = 0 for a process at equilibrium
Term
Change of free energy of a reaction formula
Definition
DGºrxn = S mDGºproducts - S nDGºreactants
Term
DG = RT ln Q/K = RT lnQ - RT lnK
Definition
If Q/K < 1, then ln Q/K < 0; the reaction proceeds to the right (DG < 0)
If Q/K > 1, then ln Q/K > 0; the reaction proceeds to the left (DG > 0)
If Q/K = 1, then ln Q/K = 0; the reaction is at equilibrium (DG = 0)
Term
DGº = - RT lnK
Definition
Equation used to find delta G
Term
Delta G =
Definition
work max
Term
a logarithmic way of finding K
Definition
e^-DG/RT
Term
Reaction Spontaneity and the Signs of DHº, DSº, and DGº
Definition
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