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Chapter 20
Vocabulary & Key Concepts
19
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2014

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Term
recombinant DNA technology
Definition
techniques used to engineer genes
Term
transformation
Definition
taking up DNA from the environment & incorporating it into a cell's genome
Term
DNA library
Definition
a collection of DNA sequences
Term
probe
Definition
a marked molecule that binds to the molecule the biologist is looking for
Term
5 steps: creating a DNA library
Definition
1. isolate mRNAs
2. synthesize cDNA from each mRNA using reverse transcriptase
3. make cDNA double-stranded using reverse transcriptase or DNA polymerase
4. make recombinant plasmid
5. transformation
Term
3 steps: using a DNA probe
Definition
1. make probe
2. expose probe to collection of single-stranded DNA sequences
3. find probe
Term
6 steps: screening a cDNA library
Definition
1. grow transformed cells containing plasmids on many plates
2. lay a filter on each plate, then remove
3. treat bacteria with chemicals to break open cells & make DNAs single stranded
4. probe filters with labeled DNA
5. find probe
6. identify colony
Term
biotechnology
Definition
applied biology
Term
polymerase chain reaction/PCR
Definition
an in vitro DNA synthesis reaction that uses DNA polymerase to replicate a specific section of DNA over & over
Term
6 steps: the polymerase chain reaction
Definition
1. start with a solution containing template DNA, primers, Taq polymerase, & an abundant supply of the four dNTPs
2. denaturation
3. primer annealing
4. extension
5. repeat cycle again, doubling the copies of DNA
6. repeat cycle 20-30 times, to produce millions of copies of template DNA
Term
5 steps: dideoxy sequencing
Definition
1. incubate reaction mixture
2. DNA synthesis occurs
3. collect DNA strands that are produced
4. separate fragments via electrophoresis in a capillary tube
5. read output on automated sequencing machine
Term
genetic map/linkage map
Definition
shows the relative positions of genes on the same chromosome, determined by analyzing the frequency of recombination between pairs of genes
Term
physical map
Definition
shows the absolute position of a gene - in numbers of base pairs - along a chromosome
Term
genetic markers
Definition
easily identified genes or DNA sequences that have known locations
Term
single nucleotide polymorphisms/SNPs
Definition
a site in DNA that varies between alleles at a single base pair
Term
animal model
Definition
laboratory animals with disease symptoms that parallel those of a human disease
Term
gene therapy
Definition
replacing or augmenting defective copies of the gene with normal alleles
Term
4 steps: introducing a foreign gene into human cells
Definition
1. retrovirus engineered to contain recombinant RNA, which has both viral & human sequences
2. target cell infected
3. DNA produced
4. DNA inserted
Term
3 objectives which transgenic crops have been engineered to meet
Definition
1. reducing losses from herbivore damage
2. reducing competition with weeds
3. improving food quality
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