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Chapter 20 and 22 Test
Lymphatic System and Respiratory System
77
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
03/19/2012

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Term
Flow of Lymph (only toward)
Definition
-the lymphatic vessels form a one-way system in which lymph flows only toward the heart
Term
3 parts of the Lymphatic System
Definition
1)network of lymphatic vessels
2)lymph
3)lymph nodes
Term
Lymphatic Capillaries are absent from what?
Definition
-bones, teeth, bone marrow, and the entire central nervous system
Term
Lymph Flow
Definition
-Starts in Lymphatic Capillaries
-then to lymphatic collecting vessels
-then to lymphatic trunks (formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels
-then lymph is delivered to one of two large ducts (right lymphatic D and thoracic D)
Term
Lacteals
Definition
-highly specialized lymphatic capillaries
-lymph draining from the digestive viscera is milky white rather than clear
**lacteals play a major role in absorbing digested fats from the intestine
Term
Lymphatic trunks
Definition
-formed by the union of the largest collecting vessels, and drain fairly large areas of the body
-major trunks are lumbar, bronchomediastinal, subclavian, and jugular
Right Side (top to bottom)
-internal jugular veins
-R lymphatic duct
-R sublcavian vein

Left Side (T to B)
-internal jugular veins
-L subclavian vein
-entrance of thoracic duct into vein
-thoracic duct
Term
Right lymphatic duct
Definition
-drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the head and thorax
Term
Thoracic Duct
Definition
-receives lymph from the rest of the body
Term
Lymph Transport
Definition
-the milking action of active skeletal muscles is the main promoter of lymph flow as well as pressure changes in thorax during breathing, and valves to prevent backflow
Term
Lymphedema (edema)
Definition
-anything that prevents the normal return of lymph to the blood, such as blockage of the lymphatics by tumors or removal of lymphatics during cancer surgery
Term
Lymph Nodes (Organs)
Definition
-they are the principal lymphoid organs in the body

2 Main Functions
1)As lymph is transported back to the bloodstream, the lymph nodes act as lymph "filters"
2)They help activate the immune system
Term
Spleen (3 Functions)
Definition
-the largest lymphoid organ in the body
-soft and blood-rich and about the size of a fist

3 main functions
1)Stores and salvages some of the breakdown products of red blood cells for later use (i.e. Iron)
2)It stores blood platelets
3)It is thought to be the site of erythrocyte production in the fetus
Term
White vs Red Pulp Clusters
Definition
WHITE
-forms "cuffs" around the central arteries
-involved with the immune functions of the spleen

RED
-essentially all remaining splenic tissue and the splenic cords
-most concerned with disposing of worn-out red blood cells and bloodborne pathogens
Term
Thymus
Definition
-bilobed and has important functions early in life
-The thymus is the site where T Lymphocyte precursors mature to become immunocompetent lymphocytes
Term
Tonsils
Definition
-are the simplest lymphoid organs
-form a ring of lymphatic tissue around the entrance to the pharynx (throat)
-named according to location
Term
Palatine Tonsils
Definition
-are located on either side at the posterior end of the oral cavity
-these are the largest tonsils and the ones most often infected
Term
Lingual Tonsil
Definition
-a lumpy collection of lymphoid follicles at the base of the tongue
Term
Pharyngeal Tonsil
Definition
-in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx
Term
Peyer's Patches
Definition
-aggregated lymphoid nodules
-large clusters of lymphoid follicles
-located in the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine (ilium)
Term
Peyer's Patches, the appendix, and the tonsils are all located where?
Definition
-they are all located in the digestive tract
Term
Lymphoid Organs
Definition
-spleen, thymus, tonsils, and other lymphoid tissues scattered throughout the body
Term
Lymph
Definition
-interstitial fluids that have entered lymphatics
-"clear water"
Term
Lymph Function
Definition
-combines lymphatic system and lymphoid organs and tissues to provide structural basis of the immune system
Term
Lymphatic Capillaries
Definition
-weave between the tissue cells and blood capillaries in the loose connective tissues of the body
-incredibly permeable
-lacteals
-beginning of lymph flow
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
-main warriors of immune system
-arise in red bone marrow
-mature into T cells (T Lymphocytes) or B cells (B lymphocytes)
-protect body against antigens
Term
T Lymphocytes
Definition
-manage the immune response, and some of them directly attack and destroy infected cells
Term
B Lymphocytes
Definition
-protect body by producing plasma cells
Term
Plasma Cells
Definition
-daughter cells that secrete antibodies into the blood
-secreted by B Cells
Term
Lymphoid Tissue Function
Definition
1)houses and provides a proliferation site for lymphocytes
2)furnished an ideal surveillance vantage point for lymphocytes and macrophages
Term
Composition of Lymphoid Tissue
Definition
-largely composed of a type of loose connective tissue called reticular connective tissue that dominates all the lymphoid organs except the thymus
Term
Lymph Nodes occur
Definition
Term
2 Basic Functions of Lymph Nodes
Definition
1)act as "filters" as lymph is transported back to the bloodstream
2)they help activate the immune system
Term
Location of Lymph Nodes
Definition
-hundreds of small organs, usually embedded in connective tissue
-occur near the body surface in the inguinal, axillary, and cervical regions, places here the lymphatic collecting vessels converge to form trunks
-not ordinarily seen b/c of small size
Term
Circulation of Lymph Nodes
Definition
-lymph enters the convex side of a lymph node thru a number of afferent lymphatic vessels.
-then moves thru subscapular sinus into a a number of smaller sinuses
-lymph meanders thru these sinuses and finally exits the node at its hilum, the indented region on the concave side, via efferent lymphatic vessels
Term
Lymphoid Organs before birth (2 exceptions)
Definition
-poorly developed before birth except for the spleen and tonsils
Term
Sentinel Node
Definition
-the first node that receives drainage from a body area suspected of being cancerous
-this node gives the best indication of whether metastasis thru the lymphatic vessels has occurred when examined for the presence of cancer cells
Term
Four Processes of Respiration
Definition
1)Pulmonary Ventilation
-movement of air into and out of the lungs so that the gases there are continuously changed and refreshed

2)External Respiration
-movement of O2 from the lungs to the blood and of CO2 from the blood to the lungs

3)Transport of Respiratory Gases
-transport of O2 from the lungs to the tissue cells of the body, and of CO2 from the tissue cells to the lungs

4)Internal Respiration
-movement of O2 from blood to the tissue cells and of CO2 from tissue cells to blood
Term
The Respiratory System Includes:
Definition
-nose, nasal cavity, paranasal sinuses, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bonchi, and lungs
Term
Conducting Zone
Definition
-includes all other respiratory passageways
-provide rigid conduits for air to reach the gas exchange sites
-cleanse, humidify, and warm incoming air
Term
Function of the Nose (5)
Definition
1)provides an airway for respiration
2)moistens and warms incoming air
3)filters and cleans inspired air
4)serves as a resonating chamber for speech
5)houses the olfactory (smell) receptors
Term
Olfactory Epithelium
Definition
-(mucosa) lining the slit-like superior region of the nasal cavity, cribiform plate of ethmoid bone
-contains smell receptors
Term
Superior, Middle, and Inferior Nasal Conchae
Definition
-enhance air turbulence in the cavity
-function during inhalation to filter, heat, and moisten air
-also act during exhalation to reclaim this heat and moisture
Term
Pharynx (function and 3 regions)
Definition
-connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and inferiorly to the esophagus
-nasopharynx, oropharynx, and laryngopharynx
Term
Nasopharynx
Definition
-serves ONLY as an air passageway
-part of the pharynx
Term
Function of Pharyngeal Tonsil
Definition
-traps and destroys pathogens entering the nasopharynx in air
Term
Pharyngotympanic Tubes (Auditory Tubes)
Definition
-drain the middle ear cavities and allow middle ear pressure equalize with atmospheric pressure
Term
Oropharynx
Definition
*Both swallowed food and inhaled air pass through it
Term
Laryngopharynx
Definition
-serves as a passageway for food and air and is lined with a stratified squamous epithelium
*during swallowing, food has the "right of way", and air passage temporarily stops
Term
Larynx
Definition
-voice box
Term
3 Main Functions of Larynx
Definition
1)provide a patent (open) airway
2)act as a switching mechanism to route air and food into the proper channels
3)voice production
Term
Arytenoid Cartilages
Definition
-pyramid shaped
-most important larynx cartilage
-anchors the vocal folds
Term
Epiglottis
Definition
-the ninth larynx cartilage
-flexible and spoon-shaped
-composed of elastic cartilage and is almost entirely covered by a taste bud-containing mucosa
Term
True Vocal Cords
Definition
-appear pearly white b/c they lack blood vessels
Term
Voice Production (Loudness)
Definition
-loudness of the voice depends on the force with which the air stream rushes across the vocal folds
-the greater the force, the stronger the vibration and the louder the sound
Term
Trachea
Definition
-windpipe
-descends from the larynx through the neck and into the mediastinum
Term
Layers of the Tracheal Wall
Definition
-mucosa
-submucosa
-adventitia
-plus a layer of hyaline cartilage
Term
Dangers to Tracheal Walls (Smoking)
Definition
-smoking inhibits and ultimately destroys cilia, after which coughing is the only means of preventing mucus from accumulating in the lungs
Term
Tracheal Obstruction
Definition
-is life threatening
-choking can suddenly close off the trachea
Term
Anatomy of the Lungs
Definition
-there are two lungs
-they differ slightly in size and shape b/c the apex of the heart is slightly to the left of the median plane
Term
Left Lung vs Right Lung
Definition
LEFT
-slightly smaller than the right
-divided into 2 lobes, superior and inferior

RIGHT
-larger than than the left
-divided into 3 lobes: superior, middle, and inferior
Term
Pleurae (of lungs)
Definition
-form a thin, double-layered serosa
-encloses lung root
-also help divide the thoracic cavity into three chambers
Term
Pleural Fluid
Definition
-produced by pleurae
-fills the slit-like pleural cavity between them
-lubricating secretion allows the lungs to glide easily over the thorax wall during our breathing movements
Term
Surface Tension (pleural fluid)
Definition
-adds strong resistance to the separation and sliding of the pleurae across each other
Term
Boyle's Law of Pressure
Definition
Relationship between Pressure and Gas:
-At constant temperature, the pressure of a gas varies inversely with its volume
P1V1 = P2V2
-P is pressure of gas
-V is its volume
Term
Expiration aids to:
Definition
-control of accessory muscles allows precise regulation of air flow from the lungs
-vocalist holding music note
Term
Alveolar Surface Tension
Definition
-the surface tension of alveolar fluid is reduced, and less energy is needed to overcome those forces to expand the lungs and discourage alveolar collapse due surfactant
-surfactant is a detergent like coplex of lipids and proteins produced by type II alveolar cells
Term
Lung Compliance
Definition
-the distensibility of unbelievably stretchy lungs as a result of having healthy lungs
Term
Respiratory Volumes (4)
Definition
TIDAL VOLUME
-during normal, quiet breathing when about 500 ml of air moves into and then out of the lungs with each breath

INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
-the amount of air that can be inspired forcibly beyond the tidal volume (2100-3200 ml)

EXPIRATORY RESERVE VOLUME
-the amount of air (1000-1200 ml) that can be evacuated from the lungs after a tidal expiration

RESIDUAL VOLUME
-volume of air remaining in the lungs after expiration
-helps to keep alveoli patent (open) and to prevent lung collapse
Term
Respiratory Capacities (4)
Definition
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY
-the total amount of air that can be inspired after a tidal expiration
TV+IRV

FUNCTIONAL RESIDUAL CAPACITY
-amount of air remaining in the lungs after a tidal expiration
RV+ERV

VITAL CAPACITY
-the total amount of exchangeable air
TV+IRV+ERV

TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY
-the sum of all lung volumes and is normally around 6000 ml.
Term
Dalton's Law of Partial Pressures
Definition
-states that the total pressure exerted by a mixture of gases is the sum of the pressures exerted independently by each gas in the mixture
Term
Internal Respiration
Definition
-the gas exchanges that occur between the blood and the alveoli and between the blod and the tissue cells take place by simple diffusion driven by the partial pressure gradients of O2 and CO2 that exist on the opposite sides of the exchange membranes
Term
Molecular O2 is carried in blood in two ways:
Definition
1)bound to hemoglobin w/in RBCs
2)dissolved in plasma
Term
Hypoxia
Definition
-inadequate O2 delivery to body tissues
Term
Medullary Respiratory Centers
Definition
-clustered neurons in two ares of the medulla oblongata appear to be critically important in respiration

DORSAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
-located dorsally near the root of cranial nerve IX

VENTRAL RESPIRATORY GROUP
-a network of neurons that extends in the ventral brain stem from the spinal cord to the pons-medulla junction
Term
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases (COPD)
Definition
-exemplified best by emphysema and chronic bronchitis
-a major cause of death and disability in North America
Term
Dyspnea
Definition
-shortness of breath
-difficult or labored breathing
Term
Pulmonary Embolism
Definition
-obstruction of the pulmonary artery or one of its branches by an embolus (most often a blood clot that has been carried thru the right side of the heart into the pulmonary circulation)
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