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Chapter 1: Introduction
Basic Learning Principles
28
Psychology
Undergraduate 3
10/12/2013

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Term
Applied Behavior Analysis
Definition
A technology of behavior in which basic principles of behavior are applied to solving real-world problems.
Term
Behavior
Definition
Any activity of an organism that can be observed or somehow measured.
Term
Behavior Analysis (or experimental analysis of behavior)
Definition
The behavioral sciences that grew out of Skinner's philosophy of radical behaviorism.
Term
Behaviorism
Definition
A natural science approach to psychology that traditionally focuses on the study of environmental influences on observable behavior.
Term
British Empiricism
Definition
A philosophical school of thought which maintains that almost all knowledge is a function of experience.
Term
Cognitive Behaviorism
Definition
A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables. usually in the form of hypothesized cognitive processes, to help explain behavior. Sometimes called "purposive behaviorism."
Term
Cognitive Map
Definition
The mental representation of one's spatial surroundings.
Term
Countercontrol
Definition
The deliberate manipulation of environmental events to alter their impact on our behavior.
Term
Empiricism
Definition
In psychology, the assumption that behavior patterns are mostly learned rather than inherited. Also known as the "nurture" perspective (or, on a rare occasion, as "nurturism.")
Term
Evolutionary Adaptation
Definition
An inherited trait (physical or behavioral)that has been shaped through natural selection.
Term
Functionalism
Definition
An approach to psychology which proposes that the mind evolved to help us adapt to the world around us, and that the focus of psychology should be the study of those adaptive processes.
Term
Introspection
Definition
The attempt to accurately describe one's conscious thoughts, emotions, and sensory experiences.
Term
Latent Learning
Definition
Learning that occurs in the absence of any behavioral indication of learning and only becomes apparent under a different set of conditions.
Term
Law of Contiguity
Definition
A law of association, according to which events that occur in close proximity to each other in time or space are readily associated with each other.
Term
Law of Contrast
Definition
A law of association, according to which events that are opposite from each other are readily associated with each other.
Term
Law of Frequency
Definition
A law of association, according to which the more frequently 2 items occur together, the more strongly they are associated with each other.
Term
Law of Parsimony
Definition
The assumption that simpler explanations for a phenomenon are generally preferable to more complex explanations.
Term
Learning
Definition
A relatively permanent change in behavior that results from some type of experience.
Term
Methodological Behaviorism
Definition
A brand of behaviorism which asserts that, for methodological reasons, psychologists should study only those behaviors that can be directly observed.
Term
Mind-body Dualism
Definition
Descates' philosophical assumption that some human behaviors are bodily reflexes that are automatically elicited by external stimulation, while other behaviors are freely chosen and controlled by the mind.
Term
Nativism
Definition
The assumption that a person's characteristics are largely inborn. Also known as the
"nurture" perspective.
Term
Natural Selection
Definition
The evolutionary principle according to which organisms that are better able to adapt to environmental pressures are more likely to reproduce and pass along those adaptive characteristics than those that cannot adapt.
Term
Neobehaviorism
Definition
A brand of behaviorism that utilizes intervening variables, in the form of hypothesized physiological processes, to help explain behavior.
Term
Radical Behaviorism
Definition
A brand of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence of the environment on overt behavior, and rejects the use of internal events to explain behavior, and views thoughts and feelings as behaviors that themselves need not to be explained.
Term
Reciprocal Determinism
Definition
The assumption that the environment events, observable behavior, and "person variables" (including internal thoughts and feelings) reciprocally influence each other.
Term
Social Learning Theory
Definition
A brand of behaviorism that strongly emphasizes the influence of observational learning and cognitive variables in explaining human behavior. It has more recently been referred to as "social-cognitive theory."
Term
S-R Theory
Definition
The theory that learning involves the establishment of a connection between a specific stimuli (S) and a specific response (R).
Term
Structuralism
Definition
An approach to psychology which assumes that it is possible to determine the structure of the mind by identifying the basic element that compose it.
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