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Chapter 1
Patho chap1
59
Nursing
Undergraduate 2
02/03/2011

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Term
Disease
Definition
interruption, cessation, or disorder of a body system or organ structure that is characterized usually by a recognized etiologic agent or agents, an identifiable group of signs and symptoms, or consistent anatomic alterations.
Term
Etiologic factors
Definition

causes of disease

ex. biologic agents (bateria), physical forces(trauma, burns radiation), chemical agents (poisons), and nutritional excesses or deficits

Term
most disease-causing agents
Definition
are nonspecific and many agents can cause disease of a single organ, yet a single agent can cause disease of many systems
Term
most diseases
Definition

do not have a single cause.

they are multifactorial such as cancer, heart disease and diabetes.

Term
risk factors
Definition
factors that predispose you to disesase
Term
Congenital conditions
Definition
defects that are present at birth, although maybe not evident until later in life. may be caused by genetic and/or environmental factors.
Term
Aquired defects
Definition
occur after birth from injury, exposure to infectious agents, inadequate nutrition, lack of oxygen, inappropriate immune system response and neoplasia
Term
Pathogenesis
Definition
sequence of cellular and tissue events that take place from the time of initial contact with etiologic agent until the ultivate expression of disease.
Term
Difference between etiology and pathogenesis
Definition
etiology is what sets the disease process in motion whereas pathogenesis is how the disease evolves
Term
Morphology
Definition
fundamental structure or form of cells or tissues.
Term
Morphologic changes
Definition
both gross anatomic and microscopic changes that are characteristic of a disease
Term
Histology
Definition
study of the cells and extra-cellular matrix of body tissues
Term
most common study of histologic sections
Definition
preparation of histologic sections (thin, translucent sections of human tissues and organs) that are examined by a microscope
Term
lesion
Definition

represents a pathologic or traumatic discontinuity of a body organ or tissue.

lesion size and characteristic are obtained through radiographs, ultrasonography, and biopsy

Term
Signs and Symptoms
Definition
the stuctural and functional changes that accompany disease
Term
Symptoms
Definition
the subjective complaint that is noted by the person with the disease
Term
Sign
Definition
the objective manifestation noted by the observer
Term
Signs and symptoms are a sign of...
Definition
either the primary disorder or the body's attempt to compensate for the altered function caused by the pathologic condition
Term
Syndrome
Definition
compilation of all the signs and symptoms that are characteristic of a disease state
Term
Diagnostic process
Definition
requires a careful history and physical exam. History gets person's symptoms as they progress where the physical exam notes the signs of altered body structure or function
Term
development of diagnosis
Definition
weighing competing possibilities and selecting the most likely one from among the conditions that might be responsible for the person's clinical presentation. Look at age, sex, race, lifestyle, and locality.
Term
Confirm diagnosis
Definition
Laboratory tests, radiologic studies, computed tomography scans, and other tests
Term
What is a normal value for a laboratory test?
Definition

95% distribution of tests results for the reference population.

Some are adjusted for sex or age

Term
Quality of data
Definition
based on validity, reliability, sensitivity, specificity, and predictive value
Term
Validity
Definition
extent to which a measurement tool measures what it is intended to measure. (assessed by comparing different measurement methods)
Term
Reliability
Definition
the extent to which an observation, if repeated, gives the same results
Term
Standardization
Definition
aimed at increasing trueness and reliability of measured values. relies on use of written standards, reference measurement procedures, and reference materials.
Term
United States Food and Drug Administration
Definition
regulate in vitro diagnostic devices, including clinical laboratory instruments, test kits and reagents
Term
Sensitivity
Definition
refers to the proportion of people with a disease who are positive for that disease on a given test or observation
Term
Specificity
Definition
refers to the proportion of people without the disease who are negative on a given test or observation (true-negative)
Term
false positive
Definition
if a test comes up with a 95% specificity based on 100 normal people, it is identifying 95 out of 100 of the normal people, the other 5% is considered false positive
Term
Predicitive value
Definition
extent to which an observation or test result is able to predict the presence of a give disease or condition. a positive predictive value refers to proportion of true-positive results in a populations and negative predictive value is the same with true negatives
Term
Clinical course
Definition

evolution of disease

can be acute, subacute, or chronic

Term
Acute disorder
Definition
relatively sever, but self-limiting
Term
Chronic disorder
Definition
implies continuous, long-term process. It can run a continuous course or it can present with exacerations and remissions
Term
Subacute disorders
Definition

intermediate or between acute and chronic; it is not as severe as acute and not as prolonged as chronic

yet spectrum of all disease can very in severity

Term
Preclinical stage
Definition
the disease is not clinically evident but is destined to progress to clinical disease and can still be transmitted
Term
Subclinical disease
Definition
no clinically apparent and not destined to become clinically apparent
Term
Clinical disease
Definition
manifested by signs and symptoms
Term
carrier status
Definition
an individual who harbors an organism but is not infected, as evidenced by antibody respon or clinical manifestations, but carriers can still infect others.
Term
Epidemiology
Definition
the study of disease occurence in human populations. determines how a disease is spread, how to control it, how to prevent it, and how to eliminate it. also used to study natural history of disease, evaluate new preventative treatments, to explore the impact of different patterns of health care delivery, and to predict future health needs
Term
What does epidemiology look for?
Definition
patterns of persons affected with a particular disorder, such as age, race, dietary habits, lifestyle, or geographic location.
Term
most of our knowledge of disease
Definition
comes from epidemiological studies
Term
Disease case
Definition
either an existing case or the number of new episodes of a particular illness that is diagnosed within a given period
Term
Incidence
Definition
the number of new cases arising in a population at risk during a specific time. at risk = persons without disease what are at risk for developing it. Incidence is determined by dividing the number of new cases by the population.
Term
Cumulative incidence
Definition
estimates the risk of developing the disease during that period of time
Term
Prevalence
Definition
measure of existing disease in a population at a given point in time. it is not an estimate of risk because it functions on new cases and how long the cases remain in the population
Term
Mortality
Definition
causes of death in a population. People are legally required to recorde certain facts such as age, sex, and cause of death on the death certificate.
Term
International agreed on classification procedures
Definition
are used for coding the cause of death, and the data are expressed as death rates. Crude mortality rates do not account for age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and other factors
Term
Mortality may also be described by
Definition
leading causes of death according to age, ses, race, and ethnicity. such as five leading causes of death in US citizens over 65 years are heart disease, cancer, cerebrovascular, chronic lower respiratory, and alzheimers disease
Term
Morbidity
Definition
the occurence or incidence of a disease but with persistence and the long-term consequences of the disease
Term
What is evidence based practice's  main objective?
Definition
to improve the quality and efficiency of health care
Term
Evidence based practice
Definition
"the conscientious, explicit, and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients" it is based on the integration of individual expertise and the best external clinical evidence from research
Term
Clinical expertise
Definition
implies the proficiency and judgement the individual clinicians gain through clinical experience and clinical practice
Term
Best clinical evidence
Definition
identification of relevant research, often from the basic sciences but mainly from patient-centered studies that focus on accuracy and precision diagnostic tests, the power of prognositc indicators, and the effectiveness and safety of theraputic regimens
Term
Clinical practice guidelines
Definition
systematically developed statements intended to imform practitioners and clients in making decisions about health care for specific clinical circumstances. They should weigh various outcomes, both positive and negative
Term
Development of evidence based practice guidelines
Definition
use methods such as meta-analysis to combine evidence from studies to produce more precise estimate of the accuracy of a diagnostic method or effects of intervention method. must be reviewed by practitioners with expertise in clinical content who can varify trueness of literature
Term
Practice guidelines
Definition
must be continuously reviewed and changed to keep pace with new research findings
Term
Why are evidence based practice guidelines important?
Definition
direct research into the best methods of diagnosing and treating specific health problems.
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